THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS GIFT OF W. HARRY LANGE Digitized by the interrret Archive in 20Q7 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/britishtortricesOOwilkrich THE BRITISH TOETRICES. BY S. J. WILKINSON. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1859. PllIKTEB BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, EED LION COURT, FLEET STEEET. PREFACE, A WORK on the British Tortrices, which should contain descrip- tions of the various species known to occur in these islands, and at the same time record our latest knowledge upon the subject, has long been desiderated, nothing of the kind having appeared upon this group of insects since the publication of the late J. F. Stephen's * Illustrations of British Entomology.' To supply this want was the object of a notice by Mr. H. T. Stainton, in the ' Entomologist's Annual' for 1855, Second Edi- tion, and I undertook the task. How it has been accomplished it is not my province to pronounce; but I may, perhaps, be per- mitted to make a few remarks on the mode of its execution, pre- mising, however, that I have no literary aspirations. I have merely endeavoured to make the subject-matter intelligible, and the following is the course I have adopted. All the descriptions have been made from the insects them- selves, without reference to what has been done by other authors; and the manner of writing them is uniform throughout. Whilst describing the anterior wings, I have, whenever practicable, taken the palest tint as the ground-colour, and then have noticed the separate markings, commencing at the base, and proceeding to the apex. I deem it right to mention this, that the tyro may not be at a loss, when, endeavouring to make out his species from the text, which has, with that object, been verbosely written, at the expense of what may be termed elegance of diction, con- ceiving the latter to be quite incompatible in a book on Natural History intended for study. The anatomical part of the subject has been carefully and microscopically investigated, and the few characters which have presented themselves have been made available for the purposes IV PREFACE. of classification, but the result is not by any means so satisfactory as I could have desired ; in fact, the structure of the palpi and the venation of the wings ojffer but few marked variations for characteristic distinctions. The principal features as regards the palpi exist in Sarrothripa and Phtheochroa (see PI. III. figs. 1 & 7) ; and with respect to the structure of the anterior wings, the costal fold deserves especial notice (see figs. 4 & 7 of Plate I.) ; for, although this character has long since been observed, it has never before been used in classification. It will be seen that my second family (the Plicatcs) is founded upon it ; and by it, at all events, one insect has been removed from former systems to its more natural location — T mean Xanthosetia inopiana, which has hitherto been associated by Stephens and Doubleday* with X. hamana and Zcegana, with what reason does not appear ; but is now removed to the HalonotcB, following H. turbidana, which it certainly resembles both superficially and stmcturally. I could multiply instances, but this one is sufficient for my purpose. The illustrations of the venation of the wings in Plates III. & IV. vary somewhat from those given by previous authors ; for the reason of this I refer the reader to the Explanations of the Diagrams at the top of Plate III. As this is peculiarly inter- esting to me individually, I invite the observations of others on this branch of the subject, as I think it may lead ultimately to some important physiological results. In consequence of structure being the basis of the present arrangement, great alterations have necessarily been made. These alterations I have the presumption to dignify with the name of improvements, because I deem them as eff*ecting a nearer approach to the true ' Systema Naturse * than any hi- therto published. Doubtless many persons will differ from me in this particular ; but I can only say that I look forward for a better system from abler hands, and if my labours should lead in any way to such a result, I shall consider them amply repaid. In the present work there are probably many errors, both of omis- * In the second edition of Mr. Doubleday's List I see inopiana is now placed m his genus Cochylis ; a position, which, if structure is to be considered, cannot be maintained. PREFACE. V sion and commission, and I shall be grateful to those who will kindly point them out to me for ulterior correction. At the outset of my labours I had proposed that there should have been a greater portion of them devoted to the descriptions of the Larvse and Pupae, and with this object I sought all the information I could, that bore on these points, both orally and by correspondence ; and, although I found many facts were knowm, they were scattered over the country, and in most instances unre- corded, and so dependent upon memory and hearsay, that I con- sidered them too crude and unauthentic to be made use of scien- tifically. I preferred, therefore, to be entirely silent whenever I was in doubt. The few Larvse and Pupae which are described have either been in my own possession, or the descriptions are taken from recent reliable drawings. It was in consequence of the vague and unsatisfactory state of our knowledge in these respects, that I planned my Diary (see the 'Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer,' No. 117, p. 101), which I have found of great service, and am happy to say is being adopted by others ; so that, by the close of the present year, I hope to hear that much recorded information on the subject has been gained, and I shall be most thankful to any Entomologist who will send me any communications relative to the Larvse or Pupse of the Tortricina, or more particularly the Larvse or Pupse themselves. This announcement I make, more especially to my Northern Brethren of the Net ; and I will endeavour to make a suitable return. One class of my readers, I expect, will feel disappointment at the omission of synonymy; and a few words upon this point are necessary, as I believe it is generally considered that a work upon Natural History, with scientific pretensions, should not be without it. As regards the Nomenclature, I have followed the law of priority, by attaching to each insect the specific name assigned to it by the original describer, so far as he can be ascertained ; and the names I have used will, for the most part, be found to correspond with the Museum Catalogue ; and I refer those parties to it who may be inclined for an interesting turmoil in the intricacies of synonymy, where they will find in- vi PREFACE. structing and ample materials upon which to try, if they do not exhaust their patience and perseverance. It is not, from these remarks, to be inferred that I have eluded this part of the sub- ject j far from it, I have given it a fair share of my attention : but I candidly confess I saw no useful result to be derived from going over the same labour again which has been so ably and satisfactorily done both by the late J. F. Stephens and Mr. H. Doubleday; and as the Nomenclature is now put into a satisfactory condition by the efforts of those two gentlemen, I am, for one, quite willing to let it rest where they have left it ; for I question the utility of bringing forward the "Babel perplexity'^ into every succeeding work on the subject. This, however, leads me to remark, that the " great alterations '' alluded to above, have necessarily driven me to find generic appellations for those insects which have been separated from their hitherto reputed congeners; and in every instance, except in Calosetia, in the family Lozoperidse, I have revived previously-used, but obsolete names, in preference to making new ones. I have already mentioned the names of Doubleday and Ste- phens, and the most important works which have been published during the last ten years are from their pens. I will, therefore, contrast them with my own. The first, the ' Synonymic List of British Lepidoptera,' by Mr. H. Doubleday, was published in 1849 (the second edition has just appeared). The second is the Museum Catalogue ' Part X. Lepidoptera continued,' by J. F. Stephens, published in 1852 ; and this latter I have taken as my text-book. Species. In the Museum Catalogue there are mentioned 310 Additions in the present volume 16 Making .... 326 Deduct species or varieties enumerated as such, in the Museum Catalogue, but not included in this work 28 Leaves the number described, inclusive of Lozo- ttmia piceana (see p. 9) 298 PREFACE. VU Making a similar comparison with Mr. Henry Doubleday's list, the figures stand as under : — Species. Enumerated in said list, after excluding the families Cimbidce and Pyraloidae, and the genus Tortricodes, there are 294 Add for species described in this volume, but not inserted in Mr. Doubleday's list ... 9 Making together . . 303 Deduct for species in Mr. Doubleday's list, but not mentioned in this book 5 Result as above . . 298 By this it will be seen, that, numerically, Mr. Doubleday's and my species approximate very closely. The nine species added to his number are: — 1, Antithesia similana; 2, Lozotania latio- rana ; 3^ Lithographia cineraria ; 4, Catoptria futvana ; 5, Pe- ronea Lipsiana (a doubtful species) ; 6, Peronea comparana ; 7, Cnephasia pascuana ; 8, Argyrolepia suh-Baumanniana ; and 9, Eupoecilia Vectisana. The omitted species are : — 1, Antithesia Grevillana ; 2, Halonota costipunctana ; 3, Dicrorampha senec- tana ; 4, Cnephasia Colquhounana ; and 5, Sericoris herbana. I cannot conclude without tendering my most sincere and heartfelt thanks to all those gentlemen who have so liberally and unhesitatingly assisted me with information^ loans of books and specimens ; some of these latter of great rarity. My obH- gations in these respects are so very numerous, that I will not attempt to mention each individually ; but as I feel that especial thanks are due to Messrs. Allis, Bedell, Bond, Boyd, Chapman of Glasgow, Dalman, Doubleday, Douglas, Edleston, Hogan, Machin, Newnham, Nicholls, Parfitt, Edwin Shepherd, Stainton, H. Tompkins, Vaughan, J. J. Weir, and T. Wilkinson of Scar- borough, they are acknowledged accordingly. S. J. WILKINSON. No. 7, Jeffreys Square, St. Mary Axe, London, E.G., 21st March, 1859. EXPLANATION OF THE CONTRACTIONS USED IN THIS WORK. Bent Bentley. Curt., Curt. B. E Curtis's British Entomolog)\ Don Donovan. Doub Doubleday. Doug Douglas. Dup Duponchel. Ent. Ann Entomologist's Annual. Fab., Fabr Fabricius, J. C. Fischer, Fisch. v. R Fischer von Roslerstamm. Frol Frolich. Guen Guenee. Haw Haworth. H. Schaef. Herrich Schseffer. Hiib Hiibner. Kiihlw Kiihlwein. Lin,, Linn Linn6 (Linnaeus). Ratz Ratzeburg. Schiff. Schifferrmyller (and Denis). Sta Stainton. Step., Steph Stephens. Tisch Tischer. Treit., Treits Treitschke. Wood's Ind. Ent Wood's " Index Entomologicus. Zool "Zoologist." Zell ZeUer. THE BRITISH TORTRICES, Class INSECTA. Division Haustellata. Order LEPIDOPTERA, Linn. Section Heterocera, Boisduval. (Group 6.) TORTRICINA, Sta. The insects which form the subject of the following pages are comprised in the sixth* group (Tortricina) of the section Heterocera, and are numerously distributed throughout Europe, and perhaps the whole world. At present, however, it would appear that Europe is their metropolis, as specimens of this family, sent home in promiscuous collections of Lepidoptera from all parts of the world, are considerably fewer in number than those of other groups. It cannot be argued that this arises from their small size, as the Tineina, a group usually much more diminutive, reach us well represented. There are about five hundred known and described European species in cabinets, and of these nearly three hundred are indi- genous to Great Britain and Ireland, or about one-seventh of our entire known Lepidopterous fauna, and doubtless we have many more yet to be discovered. Considering the smallness of the area in which our number of species occurs, and comparing it with the whole of Europe, it would appear that we are favoured with a greater portion of this group, as is the case also in the * Vide Insecta Britanniea, vol. iii. pp. 2 and 6. B TORTRICINA. Tineina, than our continental neighbours. There are, perhaps, several causes tending to explain this disparity : for instance, our isolated position ; the absence of hedges in many parts of the Continent, which in England afford food and shelter to very many species ; and the tract, perhaps, more generally and evenly hunted — although, in this last respect, very much yet remains to be done. Is this disparity in numbers real, or only imaginary ? Com- paring these islands with the whole of Europe, the assumption certainly holds good; but it is very questionable whether it would continue to do so, if the Continent were divided into areas of equal extent with our own, and the latter contrasted with any one of those areas — the difference might then not prove so striking. In the perfect or imago state, these insects present no great variety of habit to the observer ; their flight is never of long duration, nor is their love of locomotion great, as they appear merely to hover over and around the plants and trees which nourished their larvae, and which again will form the nidus for their future progeny. Their time of flight is chiefly confined to the morning and evening, although there is no interval between, in which some of the species are not to be seen on the wing — few fly during the night. They are in general numerous, especially certain species of the genera Tortrix, Lozotcenia, Pcecilochroma, Ciiephasia, Serimris, and some others, which are to be met with, in the middle of summer, wherever trees and herbage grow. They are to be seen from March to November, but appear in May, June and July in the greatest numbers. Their life in the imago state is of short duration, lasting only a few days, in which are performed those duties necessary for the continuance and conservation of the species. The eggs are deposited, and the parents die. Of the ova, or egg- state of these creatures, very little is known. This branch of the subject is open to much interesting inquiry, and, when gone into, must necessarily throw consider- able light on their natural history. The ova, so far as is ascertained, though defined in shape, are usually void of sculpture and that symmetry of form observable in the eggs of most of the other families in this Order. In general they are flat, and laid in small masses, arranged and overlapping each other, like the scales on fishes {Anticlea trima- culana) ; in others they are somewhat oval, but very wrinkled and flattened on their under surface, arising, most probably. TORTRICINA. 3 from subsidence, in consequence of their soft condition at the period of extrusion [Grapholitha Ulicetana), They are sometimes laid in stringy masses, as in Sphaleroptera ictericana. The time required for the production of the larvae after the ova are deposited is unknown ; it doubtless is very varied, and probably many which are laid in the height of summer remain unhatched till the following spring, as must be the case with TortriXf Lozotcenia, and their congeners. On the other hand, some must hatch almost immediately, — for instance the typical species of the genus Endopisa, as the larvae are found in our table-peas very shortly after the appearance of the perfect insects. The larva state is that in which these insects perform their most important offices in the economy of Nature, by checking a too redundant vegetable growth, forming the food of birds, &c. In fact, we look upon it as debateable ground, whether the larvae of Carpocopsa pomonella, which spoil so many of our apples and pears, and C. funebrana our plums, are not, while destroying some of the fruit, actually improving the quality and condition of the remains of the crop; for it is scarcely reasonable to suppose that, if every apple, pear, or plum were to be matured, the whole would be either of such size or flavour as when they have undergone the natural process of thinning by these larvae. By these remarks it is not intended to argue that the propaga- tion of such larvae is to be encouraged, but to show that they are not, as very many suppose, entirely noxious. Most of the larvae are leaf-eaters, and are to be found in April, May and June in great abundance; the modes they adopt in forming shelter for themselves, by twisting and distorting the leaves and young twigs of trees, plants, &c., are so very nume- rous and varied, that they can scarcely have failed to attract the attention of the most unobservant. They are naked, or very sparingly sprinkled with hairs, which are not always present ; never found gregariously ; and, although in their young state many of them are miners, none are case-bearers. Such as do not feed on leaves, burrow into the bark, stems, roots, fruits, or seeds of their respective food-plants, — Halonota, . Dicroramphaj Ephippiphora, Carpocapsa, &c. ; but these, as a rule, are never so numerous as the leaf-eating kinds. The folding, twisting, or distorting the leaves and twigs is accomplished by means of an elastic silk, spun by the larvae, usually of a white colour, which hardens and contracts on expo- sure to the air, and thus draws opposite portions of the leaves towards each other. A series of spinnings and contractions eflPects the end in view. The operation is therefore twofold : B 2 4 TORTRICINA. first, the act of the larva itself; secondly, the force exercised by the contraction of tlie silk : there is otherwise no accounting for the extraordinary folding and bending of stubborn leaves, ob- viously beyond the unassisted strength of the minute larvae. The duration of life in the larva state varies considerably, according to the species, — those which are internal feeders being usually longest in coming to maturity. The reason for this is evident. For such as feed on leaves it is requisite they should be full-grown before the fall, whilst those living internally are urged by no such necessity; and many of these latter may be found in the winter and early spring months, if not actually feeding, still in the larva state. The larvse themselves,, at least of those most commonly met with, are so similar to each other, as to render their discrimina- tion difficult, if not altogether impossible, without the most careful attention. They are mostly of plain and uniform colours ; and besides the roundish elevated spots (which are equally cha- racteristic of the Tineina larvae), they are deficient in markings, to enable the student to distinguish them ; nevertheless, they are very interesting, but must be studied before we can expect to become acquainted with their habits ; and we would urge on those who have the time to observe them, to note down carefully eveiy fact that comes before them, relative to these insects in their larva state ; for until we are much better acquainted with the preparatory states than at present, we must not hope to see a natural grouping of the species. The pupa state, like that of the larva, also varies in duration : in some species a iew days are sufficient to develope the imago, in others it requires months ; but we have not sufficient data on which to base any sound or general conclusions. GENEEAL CHAKACTEES. Imago. Head tufted with hairy scales above; the tufts inserted over the eyes, and meeting in a ridge on the vertex. Eyes always compound, large, semiglobose. Ocelli frequently (always?) present, inserted over the eyes, but partly concealed by the tufts on the head. Palpi always three-jointed ; middle joint longest (except in Sarro- thripa, where it is of the same length as the apical) ; apical joint never recun^ed upwards. Maxillce usually not longer than the palpi (in Sarroihripa thrice as long) ; when at rest, woimd up convolutely at the base of those organs. Antennoi almost invariably simple (in Amphisa pectinated, in Ditula TORTRICINA. O subserrate and plumose), stoutest and pubescent beneath in the c? . Never so long as the anterior wings. TJwraoc usually stout, globose or ovate ; sometimes with a crest (simple or bifid) behind. Patagia two — never longer than the thorax, covering the bases of the anterior wings. Wings four. The anterior pair varying in length and breadth, of obovate or elongate triangular shape; frequently truncate at the apex, ornamented with markings of various colours, usually dull, but sometimes with metallic lustred spots and streaks. The discoidal ceU always obtuse at the apex, never ? attaining to three-fourths the length of the anterior wing, and usually lying more towards the upper half than in the middle. The posterior pair always shorter than the anterior, but frequently much wider ; always of sombre colours, and without markings ; folded in repose. CiHa ample. Legs formed for walking: the first, or anterior pair, simple and shortest ; the second, or intermediate pair, with two unequal moveable spines at the apex of the tibia ; the third, or posterior pair, with the tibia armed with two pairs of unequal moveable spines, one pair situate beyond the middle, the other at the apex of the tibia. These spines are directed downwards, and inserted on the under or inner surface. Tarsi five-jointed, terminated by two minute claws. Abdomen moderately stout in both sexes, but usually more robust in the $ ; generally with a caudal tuft in the ^ . Pupa obtected, robust ; enclosed in a cocoon or web spun by the larva (never exposed, suspended or girt). The abdominal seg- ments armed with transverse rows of minute spines (except Sarrothripa) ; caudal extremity frequently armed with spines, hooks, or tentacula. Larva always ? with 16 feet, 6 pectoral, 8 abdominal, and 2 anal (sometimes these organs are only rudimentary). Head and shield homy, and frequently with a homy plate on the anal segment above. Ova usually scale-like. The colouring of the British Tortricina is very varied, and although generally of tints which may be designated sombre, these insects are certainly equal in beauty to any found upon the Conti- nent, and scarcely less gay than most of the few we are acquainted with from extra-European localities. The markings, however, are extremely simple ; being, as in some of the other families in this Order, a modification of an almost universal type through- out. These consist of a basal patch, a central fascia, a spot or mark upon the costa towards the apex, and an ocellated patch at the anal angle, with one or two others of minor importance : b TORTRICINA. in the modification of any or all of these, does the variation we witness in these insects consist, except perhaps among the Peroneidee, where the colouring and direction of the markings in one or two of the species assume quite a different aspect. Short oblique streaks upon the costa are of very frequent occur- rence, which are for the most part geminated, or arranged in pairs. These streaks are frequently produced or continued to the middle of the wing, and often to the opposite or dorsal margin. The type of marking is simplest and most perfect in the fasciated species of the genus Tortrix [heparana, Ribeana, cin- namomeana), and least so in the genera Capua, Bactra, some of the Peronea, Retinia, Endopisa, and Phtheochroa. Of the above-mentioned marks, the central fascia is the most conspicuous, and generally present ; next to this, the basal patch, then the subapical costal spot, and lastly, the ocelloid patch ; the remainder do not require especial notice. The central fascia originates about the middle of the costa, and is, independent of its colouring, varied in direction and shape. In direction it is straight, or proceeding at right angles with the margins of the wing, as in some species of the genus Euchromia : it is curved, as in Cnephasia hyhridana $ : it is oblique ; and the obliquity is twofold : in the first place, it commences on the costa and proceeds to the anal angle; se- condly, it lies more or less parallel with the apical margin. Instances of the former occur, amongst others, in the genera Tortrix and Lozotania, and of the latter, only in the family LozoperidcB^. In quantity it is entire, interrupted, or abbre- viated : entire in Tortrix ; interrupted, as in Brachytcenia Hart- manniana, Argyrolepia Baumanniana and its congeners ; and ab- breviated, as in Brachytania semifasciana, and in most of the EupoBcilice. It possesses, besides, other characters ; such as being isometric, constricted, dilated, angulated, &c. ; but as it fre- quently happens that two or more of these are present in the same species, it is not proposed, here, to do more than allude to them. Sometimes a second fascia is visible, and when so, it is always a prolongation of the subapical costal spot. (Enectra Pilleriana $ has this mark distinctly present. The basal patch is scarcely less Protean than the central fascia, but is more frequently absent altogether. In some in- stances it is solid, i. e. composed of one colour only ; in others, * In the genera Argyrolepia and Eujpoecilia the central fascia in many species is expressed only on and towards the dorsal margin ; in such cases it may be considered as originating thereon, and os, 'proceeding towards the costa. TORTRICINA. 7 open, or streaked and mottled : it is abbreviated, or not reaching the dorsal margin, or the costa, as the case may be : its poste- rior edge is straight, rounded or hollowed ; or it reaches further along the costal than on the dorsal margin, and vice versa. The ocelloid patch is a roundish mark at the anal angle, usually of a light ground-colour, enclosing several black spots or longitudinal lines. It is subject to great variation both in size and colour, and not unfrequently edged or bordered with streaks or markings of a metallic lustre. It is smallest in some species of the genera Catoptria {Scopoliana, Hohenwarthiana) and Grapholitha [Ulicetana, Hypericana) ; largest in Spilonota, Steganoptycha, and Carpocapsa, It is most indistinct in Dicro- rampha, Endopisa, and some of the Ephippiphorce ; in the two former genera it is merely indicated by the usually enclosed black dots being present, and in the latter it is nearly obliterated, owing to the very dark ground-colour of the anterior wings. The British species of this group are classed under nine families, which may be distinguished as follows : — Family I. TORTRICIDJE, having the costa for the most part regularly arcuated (it is obtusely so towards the base in some genera only). The basal patch, central fascia and subapical costal spot usually well ex- pressed (examples of abbreviation and interruption do occur). Ocelloid patch wanting , save a slight indication thereof in some species of the genus Antithesia. Family II. PLICATiE, having the costa in the 6 invariably folded at the base, in the ? regularly arcuated. In some genera the basal patch and central fascia are present and well defined, in others they are wholly wanting. The same remarks apply to the ocelloid patch. Family III. ANCHYLOPERID-ffi. The costa is regularly arcuated in both sexes. Most of the genera are distinguished by the produced apex of the anterior wings. The basal patch is chiefly more developed than the central fascia. The ocelloid patch not always present. O TORTRICINA. Family IV. PERONEIDJE. The costa is always obtusely arched towards the base^ and the species are chiefly distinguished by tufts of elevated scales on the anterior wings, and by the slightly incised or emarginated costa. (In Teras it is much incised.) The basal patch almost wholly wanting. The central fascia, when present, is abbreviated, or represented only by a triangular mark on the costa. The ocel- loid patch never present. Family V. STIGMONOTIDiE. The costa always regularly arcuated. The basal patch and central fascia frequently well developed; but, from the dark colours of the wings of many species, and from the markings being confluent, are often obliterated or un discernible. The ocelloid patch not always present. The chief characteristic mark of this family is the pale, various-coloured blotch upon the dorsal margin ; this, however, occurs also among the Flicatce, but there it is always accompanied by the folded costa in the 6 . Family VI. CARPOCAPSID-ffi. The costa is sometimes nearly straight, at others regularly arcuated. In one genus the basal patch and central fascia are wanting, and the ocelloid patch represented only by marginal dots (Endopisa) : in the remainder the basal patch is ill deve- loped, the central fascia wanting ; the ocelloid patch is either large or small, but well defined, and sometimes adorned with metallic lustred streaks. Family VII. CNEPHASIDiE. The costa of the 6 less rounded than in the $ . Ground- colours of the anterior wings mostly white or grey. The basal patch is, here, frequently modified into an abbreviated curved fascia near the base. The central fascia much angulated, not always entire. The subapical costal spot frequently produced. Ocelloid patch always wanting. Family VIII. SERICORIDiE. The costa always regularly arcuated, and equally so in both sexes. The basal patch usually distinct and sharply defined. The central fascia, in direction, nearly straight, and frequently biangulated on its posterior edge. Ocelloid patch wanting. TORTRICINA. U Family IX. LOZOPERID^. The costa always regularly arcuated. The ground-colour of the anterior wings mostly yellow or straw-coloured. The basal patch frequently wanting, or but little developed. The central fascia sometimes entire, but mostly abbreviated, or expressed on and toivards the dorsal margin ; always running in a direction more or less parallel with the apical margin. Sometimes the central fascia is represented by two similarly directed streaks, which are sometimes abbreviated, at others entire. Ocelloid patch never present. By a careful perusal of the above, it will be seen that the ocelloid patch offers the best character for generalization ; thus. In four of the families it is wholly wanting, viz. in the Pero- neidcB, the Cnephasida, the Sericoridce, and the Lozoperida, It is almost wholly wanting in the Tortricidce. It is more or less present in the Plicatce, the Anchyloperidce, and in the Stigmonotida. It is well defined in the Carpocapsida. There are, however, other simple characters by which some of the fauiilies may be distinguished ; viz. the Plicata by the costal fold in the d . Anchyloperidce by the produced apex of the anterior wings. PeroneidcB by the tufts of elevated scales on the anterior wings. LozoperidcR by the ground-colour of the anterior wings being of a yellow colour, and by the direction of the central fascia being parallel with the apical margin. The group contains 298 species, which are located in the several families as follows : — Family 1. ToRXEiciDiE contains 12 genera, comprising 37 species. 2. Plicate ?> 15 59 3. AlfCHYLOPERIDiE » 8 38 4. Pekoneid^ » 5 21 5. Stigmonotid^ yy 11 46 6. Carpocapsid^ )f 3 19 7. Cnephasid^ yy 3 13 8. Sericorid^ » 4 21 9. LoZOPERIDiE y> 11 44 72 genera, 298 s pec] 10 TORTRICINA. Family I. TORTRICIDiE. The genera comprised in this division are twelve in number, of which the larvae feed almost entirely in folded, rolled, or united leaves, and chiefly assume the pupa state in a loosely- spun cocoon or web (except Sarrothripa) of silk. In the imago, the anterior wings are ample, their length seldom exceeding twice the width ; and in several genera, particularly in Tortrix, with the costa considerably dilated towards the base, but never folded. The posterior wings are ample, ovate, and slightly concave or emarginate below the apex. The twelve genera are thus tabulated : — A. Anterior ^vings with the costa roughly clothed with scales at the base and ape.v, and slightly incised in the middle. a. Palpi with the apical joint very long, a a. With the middle joint as long as the apical 1. Sarrothripa. B. Anterior wings with the costa rounded at the base, or regularly arcuated, and ivithout the rough scales at the base and apex. h. With the antennae ^^cimaiecZ in both sexes, mostly so in the S • c. Palpi having the mi ddlejoint^v^ times as long as the apical 2. Amphisa. h b. With the antennae setaceous, subserrate and plumose. c c. Palpi having the middle joint foiir times as long as the apical .... 3. Hypermecia. bbb. With the antennae setaceous, and only hirsute beneath in the (S , and simple, or nearly so, in the $ . ccc. Palpi with the middle joint tivice as long as the apical. d. With the apical joint twice the length of the basal 10. (Enectra. dd. With the apical joint half the length of the basal 8. Siderea. cccc. Palpi with the middle joint three times as long as the apical .... 9. Dichelia. ccccc. Talpi with, ihe middle joint mo7'e\ 11. Clepsis. than three times as long as the apical . J 12. Tortrix. c ccccc. Palpi with the middle joint four times as long as the apical. e. With the apical joint not so long as 1 4. Eulia. the basal J 6. Antithesia. TORTRICINA. , 11 e e. With the apical joint as long as the basal 5. Brachytjenia. ccccccc. Palpi with the middh joint sLv times as long as the apical ... 7. Penthina. Genus I. SARROTHRIPA, Guenee. Head tiifted above and between the eyes. Antennae setaceous, inserted on the crown towards the front. Eyes large, subglobose. Palpi much longer than the head, appressed, porrected upwards ; basal joint shortest and curved ; the middle twice the length of the basal, curving upwards; apical joint horizontal, straight, cylin- drical, as long as the middle. Maxillae thrice the length of the palpi. Thorax ovate, with a simple tuft behind. Anterior wings elongate, length equal to twice the breadth; costa abruptly arched and ciliated at the shoulder and towards the apex ; apex obtuse ; apical margin subtruncate, oblique, rounded ; dorsal margin slightly rounded. The costal vein reaches the costa beyond the middle ; the six apical nervures all simple ; the submedian nervure inserted in the middle of the median vein. Posterior wings ample, apex ob- tuse, apical margin concave. Legs : middle pair longest ; first pair with brushes of hairs situated on the inner portion of the femur and tibia. Abdomen slender in the J , moderate in the $ . This genus is placed at the head of the Tortricina in con- sequence of its affinity to Hylophila and Earias, which are now separated into a distinct family. It approaches those genera by having the pupa unarmed with transverse rows of minute spines in the dorsal region of the abdominal segments, and by being enclosed in a tough, closely-spun silken cocoon, somewhat like an inverted boat. The appearance of the perfect insect, how- ever, offers no resemblance to them, but is of the true Tortrix character, much resembling Peronea : from this latter genus it differs in the absence of tufts of elevated scales ; for, although the small dark spots on the surface of the wings have the ap- pearance of being raised, it proceeds from an optical illusion, owing to the spots themselves being of a dull velvety character upon a shining surface. The structure of the palpi is abnormal, the terminal joint being as long as the middle one, and nearly as stout, — in both respects differing widely from what usually obtains in this family. The great length of the maxillae, too, is very remarkable ; but in the neuration of the wings there is no departure from the typical form. 12 TORTRICINA. There is now but one recognized British species, although formerly it was considered there were several, in consequence of the great variation to which it is liable. 1. revayana, Schiff. Alis anticis nitidis canis aut griseis (ali- quando brunneis); puncta ferruginea in medio, punctisque atris obscuris, sparsis; posticis griseis. S Exp. al. 11-12 lin. Head drab. Face drab, paler below. Eyes dark umber. Palpi more than twice the length of the head ; above and at sides fuscous, beneath pale drab. Antennae brown. Collar drab, with a streak of umber near the apex. Thorax and patagia drab, the former with the crest slightly darker. Anterior wings glossy, drab, with the central region darker, generally with a reddish appearance towards the costa, and black or umber spots disposed over the surface ; these spots are without gloss, giving them the appearance of being raised. The central darker portion commences anteriorly on the costa, one- third from the base, and proceeds direct to the dorsal margin, with a clearly- defined wavy line. On the costa it extends one-fourth the entire length ; its posterior edge very wavy, and dilating considerably before the middle, but contracting before it attains the dorsal margin ; anteriorly and posteriorly is a line, following the course of the borders of the central portion ; both suffuse upon the costa, especially the posterior one. In the dilated portion of the central region is a brown or black liturated spot. Before the central region towards the base are two other similar spots. In the apical portion of the wing is a sharply-angulated or zigzag line, followed by three spots towards the anal angle, all black or dusky. On the apical margin is a row of black lunules. Apical scales and cilia drab. Posterior wings at base grey, merging into fuscous at the margins. Marginal scales and cilia pale drab. Abdomen glossy, grey. $ Exp. al. 11-121 lin. A somewhat rare species in this country, and extremely variable, the ground-colour of the anterior wings ranging from hoary-grey to olive-drab, and to umbreous-brown with the spots and markings darker ; but the character of these latter is con- stant throughout, so that no doubt can be left of there being but one species. The imago appears from July to December, but more com- monly in the autumn, and occasionally they may be met with (probably hybernated specimens) in the spring. It has been captured at the New Forest, Combe, Darenth, and Birch Woods, Black Park, Mickleham Downs, in Norfolk, &c. The pupa and larva appear to be unknown in this country ; but, according to Hiibner, the former is bright green, with a broad longitudinal brown stripe from the head to the edge of the second abdominal segment; the latter is also bright green, TORTRICINA. 13 slightly hairy, and with the segments edged transversely with yellow. The cocoon is whitish, boat-shaped, resembling the cocoon of Earias clorana, but is longer. Genus II. AMPHISA, Curtis. Antennae strongly pectinated and pilose in the S > faintly so in the $ , inserted on the crown of the head over the eyes. Palpi much longer than the head, approximating, porrected horizontally, thickly clothed with scales ; basal joint minute, drooping ; middle horizontal, robust, especially towards its apex, five times as long as the apical ; apical slender, cylindrical, as long as the basal, shghtly depending. Maxillae short. Thorax slender, ovate. Anterior wings elongate-triangular in the S > lanceolate in the $ . In the cJ the costa is obtusely arched at the base, less so in the $ ; the apex slightly produced ; apical margin oblique, slightly concave ; dorsal margin rounded. The discoidal cell reaches rather beyond the middle of the wing ; the three subcostal nervures nearly equidistant ; the apical vein gives out five nervures, of which the first is furcate, one branch reaching the margin above, the other below the apex. Poste- rior wings : apex obtuse, with the apical margin scarcely concave. Abdomen slender, tufted in the S • This genus was established by Mr. Curtis, and may be distin- guished by the antennae, which are pectinated in both sexes, a character which does not occur elsewhere in the family, so far as is at present known. The palpi offer no peculiarities in their structure, being of the normal form, and the maxillae do not exceed those organs in length. In Curtis^s * British Ento- mology,' pi. 209, the neuration of the anterior wing is figured, in which the discoidal cell is represented as being open at the apex; but, upon a careful investigation of this part of the subject, we have not met with this peculiarity throughout the family. There are two British species, which may be thus distin- guished : — A. Anterior wings with the ground-colour sulphur-yellow Species 1 B. Anterior wings with the ground-colour grey . . . Species 2 1. Gremingiana, Schiff. Alis anticis ochraceo-flavis ; subreticulatis (ahquando sine reticulatione) ; fascia media obliqua maculaque postica costali brunneo-fuscescentibus ; posticis violaceo-griseis. S Exp. al. 61-8 lin. Head and face castaneous brown, dull. Eyes black, dull. Palpi 14 TORTRICINA. castaneous brown above and beneath, paler at sides. Antennae with the basal joint and stem above, at base, castaneous brown, merging into brownish drab or whitish at the apex, the pectinations black; beneath, wholly black ; sometimes the basal joint and stem above, wholly di-ab or whitish. Thorax and patagia castaneous brown ; the latter somewhat paler at the apex. Anterior wings dull sulphur-yellow at the base, which is clouded with rich brown, and a grey irroration on the dorsal margin. At the middle of the costa commences a broad, dark broTVTi, oblique, nearly isometric fascia ; straight, sharply- defined, and reddish on its anterior edge, but suffusing posteriorly : the subapical costal patch is of similar colour; along its anterior border runs a streak, which is continued to the apical margin near the anal angle, and the space at the apex enclosed by it is more or less suffused with pinkish brown ; the interval between the pos- terior edge of the central fascia and the said streak is yellowish towards the costa, but clouded with pinkish brown. The apical half of the wing is reticulate, the basal streaked transversely; extreme margin intense brown or black. Apical scales shining, dull pinkish brown, sometimes mottled with black. Cilia ferruginous, in some lights rosy ; pale or whitish at the anal angle, and iron- grey beyond. Posterior wings very pale grey, clothed with coarse fuscous scales. Marginal scales fuscous, ^dth pale bases. Cilia very pale straw-colour. Abdomen deep fuscous; the caudal tuft pale ferruginous. $ Exp. al. 6~Q^ lin. Anterior wings marked like the (5" , but much narrower and more acute at the apex. A northern species, varying in the intensity of the ground- colour of the wings and of the markings. The imago appears from June to August among Calluna vulgaris, sometimes in great profusion ; the males flying at sun- set, but the females are rarely met with on the wing. It occurs on most heaths and moors in the north of England, and also in Scotland. The larva, according to Herr Zeller, feeds, on the Continent, upon Vaccinium uliginosum. 2. prodromana, Hiibner. Alis anticis canis aut griseis ; basi macula nebulosa, fascia media triangulari (in qua litm^a oblonga grisea) brunneis ; posticis cinereo-fuscis. c? Exp. al. 8 lin. Head black, with a few deep ferruginous scales on vertex. Face obscure ferruginous. Eyes and palpi black. Antennae : stem brown at base, the remainder whitish ; the pectinations rusty black ; wholly black beneath. Thorax deep rich ferruginous brown. Patagia paler. Anterior wings very pale grey, inclining to white, with rich ferru- ginous markings. The base, on the dorsal margin and nearly to the costa, is occupied by a roimdish patch. Before the middle of the costa commences a broad fascia, attaining the dorsal margin on its anterior TORTRICINA. 15 edge, which is nearly straight, dilating on its posterior edge, and, instead of attaining the dorsal margin, curves uj)wards and returns to the costa parallel with its original course ; between this recurved mark and the apex on the costa is a greyish patch mixed with ferru- ginous, and a curved mark of the latter, enclosing an apical spot. The pale portions of the wing irrorated with grey and ferruginous. Apical scales smoky grey, tipped with whitish. CiHa smoky grey at apex, the tips whitish towards the anal angle. Posterior wings shining, pale grey, clothed with coarse fuscous scales. Marginal scales fuscous, with pale bases. Cilia grey at apex, with pale tips ; altogether paler at the anal angle. Abdomen smoky black ; the caudal tuft luteous, or slightly ferruginous. $ Exp. al. Q-6^ lin. The markings of the anterior wings are the same as in the J , but darker in colour and more distinct. The posterior wings are whitish at the apex, and speckled Avith grey or cinereous. Marginal scales pale fuscous. Cilia cream-colour. Abdomen umber, with the segments fringed with silvery hairs. Rather a scarce species, being confined to the north of England and Scotland. It was originally taken by Mr. Walker near New Lanark in 1827, since when it has been occasionally met with by other collectors ; in 1857 it occurred somewhat plentifully at the Brushes near Manchester. The 6 is in most collections, but the 2 is still very rare ; she seldom flies, and must be sought for in the bushes. Genus III. HYPEEMECIA, Guenee. Antennee slender, stoutest in the S , and pubescent beneath. Palpi longer than the head, approximate, densely clothed with rough scales ; basal joint short and robust ; middle stout, four times as long as the apical ; apical minute, slender and exposed, as long as the basal. MaxillsB much longer than the palpi. Thorax mode- rately stout, ovate. Anterior wings elongate -triangular ; costa slightly arcuated ; apex obtuse ; apical margin subtruncate, slightly concave ; dorsal margin straight. Posterior wings with the apical margin concave and the anal angle somewhat produced. Abdomen stout, acute in the S > obtuse in the $ , not tufted. In general appearance this genus somewhat resembles the preceding, and is therefore placed in close proximity to it. In structure it varies considerably ; for instance, the antennae are simple, the formation of the palpi different, and in the venation of the anterior wings there are six simple apical nervures, whilst in Amphisa there are only five. There is but one species of this genus, and no others appear to be known on the Continent. 16 TORTRICINA. 1. Augustana, HUbner. Alls anticis cinereis aut pallide ochraceis, basi fuscis ; pone medium rufis, castaneis aut ferrugineis, puncto triangular! ad costam ochraceo vel cinereo ; posticis fuliginosis basi dilutioribus. c? Exp. al. Q-6^ lin. Head drab. Face drab, paler below. Eyes brown. Palpi as long as the head, very pale drab, except at the apex, which is smoky black. Antennae dark grey. Thorax and patagia dusky drab, the latter paler at the tips. Anterior wings dull drab ; at the base, on the dorsal margin, is a roundish dusky patch, followed by an oblique isometric fascia of the ground-colour of the wing. Beyond this, the apical portion is occupied by a brick- red patch enclosing a triangular space on the costa ; this latter is maculated with white and dusky, and streaked with lustrous silvery scales, especially at the inner edges. There are also some silvery streaks on the brick-red patch towards the apical margin and the anal angle. The wings often with an irroration more or less of dusky atoms. Apical scales without gloss, dull brick-red, slightly paler at the base. Cilia slightly glossy ; at the apex dusky ferruginous ; then straw-colour, tinged with ferruginous to the middle of the margin ; afterwards, dusky ferruginous to beyond the anal angle, where they become iron-grey. Posterior wings rich fuscous, darkest at the apex. Marginal scales fuscous, with ta^vny bases. Cilia pale grey, frequently white, and sometimes with a fuscous tinge at the apex. Abdomen glossy, fuscous ; the caudal tuft drab. $ Exp. al. 6-|-7 lin. In colour somewhat brighter than the (S , but the silvery markings nearly obsolete. This is rather a common species ; it varies a little in size, and considerably in colour, especially the ground-colour, which ranges from pale to dark drab, and the markings from fuscous and ferruginous to deep brick-red. In some specimens the base is wholly pale, constituting the var. a. of Haworth and the viminana of Guenee. The imago appears in June and July, among Sallows and Willows, and is generally distributed throughout the south of England, Combe, Darenth, and Birch Woods, Cheshunt, Brox- bourne, Ripley, Monkswood, Black Park, near Gloucester, &c. It occurs also in Scotland. The pupa is long, amber-coloured, and enclosed in an earthen cocoon, spun together with silk. The larva spins together the leaves of the Willow and Sallow, feeding thereon, and also in the catkins, and is full-growni in May. It is pale yellow in colour. Head black and shining; shield pale brown, darker in front, its anterior margin white ; spots scarcely darker than the body. TORTRICINA. 17 Genus IV. EULIA, Hubner. Head broad. Antennae slender, clothed with scales above, pubes- cent beneath. Palpi rather longer than the head, approximating, ascending, densely clothed with short scales ; basal joint short, thick, slightly curved, truncate ; apical minute, ovate, shorter than the basal; middle four times as long as the apical, curved, stout, thickest beyond the middle. Maxillae short. Thorax stout, sub- globose, with a large elevated tuft behind. Anterior wings twice as long as broad ; costa regularly arcuated ; dorsal margin roimded slightly ; apex acute ; apical margin oblique and nearly straight. The costal vein reaches to the middle of the costa, and the submedian nervure is inserted nearly opposite the middle subcostal one. The discoidal cell reaches to the middle of the wing ; in shape elongate- triangular, broadest before its apex. Posterior Avings : apex obtuse ; apical margin slightly concave. There is but one British species, which is of difficult location. By some (Guenee^ Doubleday, &c.) it is placed in the genus Lozo- tctnia {Tortrix), but the general appearance of the insect scarcely warrants that position. It is erected into a distinct genus in Stephens's Mus. Cat., under the name Eulia, as assigned to it by Hubner, which is retained until a better knowledge of the larva and preparatory states dictate its proper place. The structure of the palpi and venation of the wings are the same as obtain in the genus Tortrix as here restricted, and there, after all, may be its proper place. In repose the perfect insect holds the wings in a deflexcd position^ but somewhat rounded at the sides. 1. ministrana, Linn. Alis anticis nitidis, ochraceis; basi a medio maculis nebulosis et margine apicali ferrugineis ; pone medium gutta alba ; postieis fuscis. S Exp. al. 9-10 Hn. Head and face dusky ferruginous. Eyes black. Palpi dull drab, slightly dusky at sides. Antennae fuscous. Thorax pale ferruginous in front, ochreous on vertex; the tuft pale ferruginous. Patagia pale ferruginous at base, the apex pale ochreous. Anterior wings : glossy, pale bright ochreous, with pale ferruginous clouds ; at the base the costa is pale ferruginous, with a dusky irroration ; a broad pale ferruginous cloud proceeds two-thirds the length of the vting along^ the dorsal margin, extending upwards nearly to the costa ; at the apex is a broad, somewhat triangular cloud of a rich ferruginous red colour ; the space between this and the basal cloud is ochreous ; an irroration of iron-grey scales, more or less distinct, is in the middle of the wing, extending from the costa to the dorsal margin. At the apex of the discoidal cell is a whitish irregular- shaped spot. Apical scales and cilia pale ferruginous, both becoming pale ochreous, or yellow mixed with iron-grey, at the anal angle. Posterior wings c 18 TOllTRICINA. clothed with coarse fuscous scales on a white ground. Marginal scales fuscous, with paler bases. Cilia whitish, sometimes pale grey. Abdomen dark fuscous, the tuft dull straw-colour. $ Exp. al. 10-11 Hn. This beautiful species is tolerably abundant and constant in its general appearance. The Scotch specimens are mostly much darker than the southern ones, constituting the var. E. sub- fasciana. E.ferruginea is an extension of the same variety, but darker and more evenly coloured. The imago is somewhat plentiful round London and in the south of England, especially near Dover. It is taken also in the north of England, in Scotland, and at Newtonlimavady, co. Derry, in Ireland. Its flight is sluggish, and it may be taken on the wing at dusk. The larva is green, and is supposed to live through the winter. It has been bred by Mr. Harding {vide Entom. Weekly Intell. vol. i. p. 62) ; and, from the perfect insect being mostly taken among Hazel, may not that be its food-plant ? Genus V. BRACHYT^NIA, Stephens, MSS. Antennae clothed above with scales, pubescent beneath. Palpi longer than the head ; the apical joint conspicuous and exposed, minute, oval, densely clothed mth short scales ; middle joint four times the length of the apical, cmred, very stout, thickening from before the middle, clothed beneath mth long scales; basal joint short and stout. Maxillae as long as the palpi. Thorax stout, tufted behind. Anterior wdngs scarcely twice as long as broad ; costa regularly arcuated ; apex obtuse ; apical margin slightly sub- tnmcate ; dorsal margin concave. Posterior wings ample, ovoid ; apical margin concave. Abdomen slender, tufted in both sexes. This genus was instituted by the late J. F. Stephens to'sepa- rate the two species included in it from the Antithesis, to which they are so closely allied as scarcely to be separable from them. The venation of the wings in the two genera is identical ; but there are minor structural differences, and the wings are much less deflexed in repose than in the latter genus. The abbre- viated or interrupted central fascia readily distinguishes them from the true Antithesis. The species above alluded to may be arranged thus : — A. With the central fascia ahriqytly abbreviated . . . Species 1 li. With the central fascia attaining the dorsal margin, hutintemfjpted in ihe middle . . . . . . . Species 2 TORTRICINA. 19 1 . semifasciana, Haw. Alis anticis griseis ; nebulis satui'atioribus ; maculis diiabus costalibus (basi una, altera pone medium) fuscis nigro-punctatis ; posticis griseo-fuscis, margine saturatioribus. c? Exp. al. 8-9 lin. Head fuscous, darker behind antennae. Pace fuscous. Eyes black. Palpi above, at sides, and beneath, hoary; between paler. Antennae fuscous. Thorax pale fuscous, streaked transversely with dull brown. Patagia fuscous at base, somewhat hoaiy in the middle, and paler at the apex. Anterior mngs dull, ashy grey, palest at the apex, with numerous pale fuscous, undulating, transverse, in- terrupted streaks, most distinct on the costal and dorsal margins. Near the base of the costa is a short, pale, dull fuscous fascia margined with darker broi^Ti ; in the middle of the costa is a large, irregular, somewhat quadrate fuscous patch, bordered and dotted with dark bro^vn, and having the inner edge broadly and sharply black. In the middle of the subapical portion of the wing are several obscure brown spots placed on the nervures of the wing. Apical scales deep fuscous, with the apices and bases pale grey. Cilia pale fuscous. Posterior ^\ings shining, fuscous, deepest at apex. Marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia grey, with a fuscous tinge. Abdomen pale fuscous grey. $ Exp. al. 9i-10 lin. This species is far from common, but in some places it is occasionally taken in plenty. It does not vary. The imago appears from June to August about Sallows and Willows. It occurs in Kent and Hampshire, at Wandsworth, formerly in Battersea Fields, and in many places round London. The larva feeds on various species of Sallows and Willows, in the young shoots and in the catkins. 2. Hartmanniana, Linn. Alis albidis, subnebulosis ; fasciis duabus interruptis fusco-nigris, una ad basin, altera pone medium, ob- liqua, in qua linea atra ; posticis griseis. c^ Exp. al. 8-9 lin. Head and face pale rusty brown, the latter somewhat paler below. Eyes black. Palpi above, at sides, and at apex, beneath, dark hoary grey ; the bases beneath and between drab. Antennae fuscous. Thorax pale fuscous, streaked transversely with dusky brown ; the bifid tuft dull brown. Patagia coloured like the thorax. Anterior wings dull, pale drab ; the costa widely alternated with pale brown ; near the base is an interrupted curved fascia of umber colour and black. The central fascia is umber- coloured, mottled with black, and interrupted longitudinally in the middle ; it is Avidest on the costa, and on attaining the dorsal margin curves inwardly, running along it to the base, thus enclosing, in conjunction with the basal fascia, an oblong-ovate space on the median fold, marked with three dots. In the apical region are some curved streaks, the darkest bearing one or two black spots. Marginal scales umber, with the bases and apices c 2 20 TORTRICINA. pale di-ab. Cilia drab, mottled with umber-coloiired scales. Posterior wings shining, clothed "«ith coarse fiiscous scales on a light-grey ground ; marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia white. Abdomen and caudal tuft fuscous. $ Exp. al. 8-9 lin. In colours and markings resembles the cS . An uncommon insect, and does not vary. It is very like a pale-coloured Antithesia corticana, but may be distinguished from it by the ground-colour of the anterior wings, which is pale drab, instead of white, and by the interrupted medial fascia, which in the latter insect is entire. The imago makes its appearance in August ; and latterly it has been taken near Lea Bridge, from the trunks of Willows. Stephens, in his 'Illustrations, Haust.,Vol.iv.p. 86,says it is "not common ; taken occasionally within the metropolitan district in July ; also in Devonshire." It has been bred by Mr. Thomas Boyd, from pupse found by him, spun up between Willow-leaves. Genus VI. ANTITHESIA, Stephens. Antennae setaceous, inserted in front over the eyes, clothed ^vith scales above, pubescent beneath. Palpi longer than the head; basal joint short, stout; apical oval, minute, not so long as the basal, clothed with short scales ; middle four times as long as the apical, stout, thickening from before the middle, and clothed beneath with long scales. Maxillae longer than the palpi. Thorax stout, ovate, with a bifid tuft behind. Anterior wings : length more than twice the breadth ; costa regularly arcuated ; apex obtuse ; apical and dorsal margins rounded. The discoidal cell extends beyond the middle of the wing, and the subcostal vein gives out an internal ner\'ure, inserted between the first and second subcostal ner\Tires, which crosses to the apical vein between the first and second apical nervures. Posterior wings ovate ; apical margin concave below the apex. Abdomen in the (S slender, and tufted at the apex ; stout in the 2 f ^^^ ^ot tufted. The insects associated in this genus form a very natural group, the larvae for the most part feeding upon the leaves of various shrubs and trees ; some of them (A. Gentianana and mar- ginana) are internal feeders, and a more intimate knowledge of the preparatory states of the family may hereafter warrant the erection of a separate genus for the reception of the latter. In repose the wings are very much deflexed. The British species are fourteen in number, as tabulated below, and some others are known on the Continent. TORTRICINA. 21 A. With the basal cloud on the anterior wings extend- ing on the costa to, or slightly beyond, the middle . Species 1-8 B. With the basal cloud eoctending beyond the middle of the costa. a. With the base of the ^posterior wings of the S white Species 9, 10 ■ h. With the base of the posterior wings of the (S not white Species 11-13 C. With the anterior wings entirely darJc-coloured . Species 14 1. corticana, Hub. Alis anticis niveis; basi nigro plumbeoque variegatis; fascia media nigra, atro-punctata ; posticis fuscis. S Exp. al. 9-10 lin. Head fuscous mixed with grey. Face same colours, but sHghtly darker. Eyes black. Palpi above, at apex, at sides, and between, dull fuscous; at the base beneath and between, pale drab. An- tennae pale fuscous, darker beneath. Thorax dull umber, alternately streaked transversely with dull grey. Patagia coloured like the thorax. Anterior wings dull, snow-white ; the costa broadly macu- lated with black patches mixed with white scales. Near the base is an interrupted curved fascia ; at the middle of the costa commences a very broad irregularly angnilated fascia, extending to the dorsal margin, composed of mottled fuscous, umber and black markings ; a conspicuous longitudinal black mark runs through it, above the middle ; this fascia is produced inwardly, and joins the basal patch at its interruption, thus enclosing a white space on the costa ; out- wardly its edge is projected into three nodes, ivith a deep incision, level with the longitudinal black streak before named ; a broad fuscous and umber- coloured cloud extends from the base to the central fascia, leaving a white space above. The upper edge of the dorsal cloud towards the base is marked with a strong longitudinal black line. The apical region white, marked with curved streaks, composed of black and white scales, more or less intense, but most distinct at the apical margin and apex ; on one of these streaks, in the middle, are several black dots ; sometimes the apex is faintly reticulated. Apical scales deep fuscous, with white tips. Cilia grey mixed with iron-grey, and with a fuscous tinge, both becoming white at, and grey beyond, the anal angle. Posterior wings fuscous. Marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia pale grey, Avith a fuscous tinge. Abdomen and caudal tuft pale fuscous grey. 5 Exp. al. 9-10 Hn. Rather an uncommon species, and does not vary : it is, in appearance, like Brachjtcenia Hartmanniana, but is distin- guished from it by the ground-colour of the anterior wings being white instead of pale drab, and by the uninterrupted fascia beyond the middle. The white patches at the base of the 22 TORTRICINA. anterior wings at once separate it from the other species of this genus : some pale instances, however, of A. Betuletana might be mistaken for it; but the posterior margin of the basal cloud in the latter species is undulate in a straight direction, or nearly so, whilst in A. corticana it is concave as well as undulate. The imago appears from June to August among birch-trees. It occurs at Coombe, Birch, Darenth, Dulwich, West Wick- ham, and Plumstead Woods, Epping Forest, in Worcestershire, Cheshire, and at Torwood in Stirlingshire, N. B. The larva most probably feeds on the Birch [Betula alba), as the perfect insect is always taken where such trees grow. 2. Betuletana, Haw. Alis anticis niveis, aliquando oehraceis ; basi pone medium nigro, fusco, ochraceo plumbeoque variegatis ; apice cinereo-strigato ; posticis fuscis. ^ Exp. al. 9-10 lin. Head dull dark brown, pale over eyes. Face same colour as the head. Eyes black. Palpi at the tips, above, between, at sides, and beneath, dull dusky brown, merging into whitish at the base. Antennce dark brown, the basal joint clothed with black scales. Thorax dark brown, alternated with transverse bands of hoary grey ; sometimes these bands have a ferruginous tinge ; the bifid tuft deep ferruginous. Patagia same colours as the thorax. Anterior wings shining snow-white at the apex, with dull, cmwed, grey streaks, most intense along the apical margin, and usually without black dots. The dark portion of the ^ving extends two-thirds along the costa, and near to the anal angle, on the dorsal margin ; it is beauti- fidly mottled with iron-grey, fuscous-black and white markings, in which may be traced a basal patch much interrupted and broken ; the central fascia is distinctly visible, chiefly of fuscous with black markings bordered Avith white ; the space between the central and basal fascia filled up with iron-gney ; the costa streaked throughout with grey. On the white part of the wing, near the middle of the central fascia, is frequently a delicate ochreous cloud. Apical scales with white bases and tips, iron-grey in the middle. Cilia pale grey at the apex, darker before, and white at the anal angle. Posterior wings fuscous. Marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia shining, very pale straw-colour. Abdomen pale fuscous, the caudal tuft drab. $ Exp. al. 9-lOi lin. A very common insect, and varies considerably in the in- tensity of the colours in the anterior wings. In some instances the base is pale, thus approaching A. corticana; in others the usually white tips are ochreous, which colour also pervades the whole wing. In this latter form it resembles A. ochroleucana. The typical insect is very like A. Caprcsana and A. pralongana : from the former it is distinguished by the straightly undulated TORTRICINA. 23 edge of the basal cloud, and the absence of a small cluster of blackish dots in the subapical region ; and from the latter, by its generally larger size, broader wings, and the absence of the mottled and fuscous apex. The imago appears from June to August throughout the metropolitan district; in Devonshire, the New Forest, near Dover, and in other parts of the country ; in Scotland ; also at Holywood, CO. Down, in Ireland. The larva feeds on the White Birch {Betula alba), and is full- fed about the end of May. 3. CaprsBana, Hiib. AHs anticis niveis ; basi pone medium nigro, fusco plumbeoque variegatis; apice strigis cinereis punctisque atris in lineis longitudinalibus dispositis ; posticis griseo-fuscis. S Exp. al. 8-9 lin. Head pale brown, inclining to drab, palest close to the eyes. Face dark brown below, paler above. Eyes black. Palpi fuscous above and at sides, between and beneath w^hitish. Antennae pale fuscous. Thorax fuscous, streaked transversely with darker brown, the crest deep ferruginous or castaneous bro^vn. Patagia coloured like the thorax. Anterior wings dull, clouded from base to two-thirds the length of the costa, and to near the anal angle on the dorsal margin, with black, umber, fuscous and whitish markings, beautifully mottled; the apex snow-white, somewhat glossy, with dull grey curved streaks ; at the base is a rounded and very angulated patch ; the central fascia darker, angulated on both edges, having a curved incision of white posteriorly ; the space between this fascia and the basal patch is suffused with fuscous, except towards the costa, where is a white space thickly marked with the costal streaks ; in the centre of the white apical space are several black spots and longi- tudinal short streaks of the same colour. Apical scales with white bases and tips, deep fuscous in the middle. Cilia shining drab, mottled wdth iron-grey ; both becoming white at the anal angle. Posterior wings pale grey, clothed with coarse fuscous scales, deepest at the apex. Marginal scales fuscous, with straw-coloured bases. Cilia pale straw-colour. Abdomen pale fuscous, the caudal tuft paler. 2 Exp. al. 9-10 lin. Colouring somewhat darker than in the <5 . This beautiful species is comparatively rare, and does not vary. It has much the appearance of A. Betuletana, but is easily distin- guishable from it by the darker streaks on the tip of the wing, a cluster of blackish dots in the subapical portion, and, lastly, by the concave and sinuated posterior margin of the basal cloud. The imago is rarely taken at large, most of the specimens in our cabinets being bred. It is comparatively new to our fauna, the first record of it being by Mr. J. J. Weir, who bred it in 24 TORTRICINA. 1849, and informs us that this species will come to light, — a peculiarity not noticed with others of the genus, except A. ochroleucana. It has been captured at Swanscombe Wood, and appears to be confined to the south of England. The larva is of a beautiful bright green colour, and spins together the topmost shoots of Salix Caprcea ; it is to be met with in May atWestWickham Wood, and also at Epping Forest. 4. prselongana, Guen. Alis anticis niveis ; basi pone medium albo, fusco, brunneo, nigro cseruleoque variegatis ; macula alba quadrata margine costali ante medium ; apice fusco strigato, maculis atris oblongis longitudinaHbus ; posticis griseo-fuscis. ^ Exp. al. 8-81 Un. Head : on vertex smoky black, behind with the scales tipped with grey, ochreous brown over the eyes. Face smoky black, mixed with grey scales below the antennae. Eyes black, shghtly shining. Palpi : above dusky bro^vn at apex, mixed "with whitish scales towards the base ; at the sides the base is white ; the apex dusky brown mixed with white ; beneath white. Antennae dark brown, the lower por- tion of the basal joint clothed with blackish scales, its apex white. Thorax hoary or dark brown, streaked transversely with black ; the crest black, or intense brown. Patagia variegated with black, brown, and hoary scales. Anterior wings snow-white, with a dull dark cloud at base extending halfway along the costa, and very near the anal angle on the dorsal margin ; the upper half of its posterior edge nearly straight, the remainder bulging outwards into one or two nodes; the basal patch is angulated in the middle, as also is the interior edge of the central fascia ; they are both mottled with fuscous and iron-grey, and streaked longitudinally with strong black lines, the darker ones finely edged with white or pale ochreous ; the space between the fascia and the basal patch is coloured in the same manner, except at the costa, where it is w^hite (sometimes closely streaked with fuscous and grey), and one or two small white roundish spots with fuscous centres towards the dorsal margin. At the apex, sometimes extending to the anal angle, is a fuscous cloud sprinkled with white, with two broad streaks mthin, one fuscous, the inner- most grey ; both maculated with black. The costa broadly streaked throughout with black and grey. Apical scales dark brown, tipped with pale ochreous. Cilia shining, smoky black, both becoming white at the anal angle. Posterior wings fuscous, darkest at the margin. Marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. CiHa w^hite, except at the apex, where they are fuscous. Abdomen fuscous and shining grey, the caudal tuft dull drab. $ Exp.al. 10 Hn. In colour darker than the (S , and more distinct. This is an uncommon and most beautiful species, subject to some variation in the intensity of the markings composing the TOIITIIICINA. 25 basal cloud. In many specimens patches of white are present, which give the insect much the appearance of A. coriicana ; but its smaller size, the narrow or elongated anterior wings, and the clouded apex at once distinguish it. The beautiful figure of Curtis (Brit. Ent. No. 567 S)y under the name of Penthina Grevillana, well represents a dark instance of this species. Mr. Stainton describes this insect in the ' Zoo- logist,' p. 1988. It is very rare on the Continent. The imago appears in May and June among Birch-trees, and specimens have been captured by Mr. Douglas at West Wickham and Dulwich Woods ; also at the former locality by Mr. Waring* Our own specimens were taken, from the beginning of May to the middle of June, at West Wickham Wood. According to Mr. Stainton, this is a commoner insect in the north of England and in Scotland. The larva in all probability feeds upon the Birch, but this is mere conjecture. 5. ochroleucana, Hiib. Alls anticis pallidis ochraceis; basi pone medium nubilis maculisque brunneis variegatis ; apice strigulis punctisque costalibus fuscis ; posticis fusco-griseis. <S Exp. al. 9-10 lin. Head and face dusky drab-brown. Eyes black. Palpi duU brown, dark drab below, at sides and beneath. Antennae fuscous. Thorax dull brown, streaked transversely with dusky drab, the crest casta- neous. Patagia duU brown at the base, the apical half dusky drab. Anterior wings dull, pale ochreous, the dark portion extending rather more than half along the costa, and to near the anal angle on the dorsal margin ; its apical edge irregular and convex ; its colour dark dull brown mixed with darker shades, and bearing here and there small patches of a slightly lustrous pale violet hue ; the in- terval between the basal patch and the central fascia is indicated by a pale space on the costa, and another irregular and undefined one near the dorsal margin and about the fold ; in some cases there is a dark brown spot surrounded by a pale ochreous margin, and near it are other irregular markings of the same colours. The costa is broadly streaked throughout with brown. The apical portion of the wing is more or less distinctly marked with the same colour, and vnth one or two dots near the dark cloud, and others smaller, nearer the apex ; the apical margin broAvn. Apical scales dark brown, with pale ochreous bases. Cilia straw-colour ; both becoming paler at the anal angle. Posterior wings clothed with coarse fuscous scales on a pale grey groimd. Marginal scales pale fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia grey, with a fuscous tinge. $ Exp. al. 9^10 lin. Abdomen fuscous, the caudal tuft didl drab. 26 TORTRICIXA. This species was first eliminated by Mr. Stainton, who noticed and described it in the ^ Zoologist/ p. 1987. It is a common species in gardens, and is in most cabinets : very like the ochreous specimens of A. Betuletana, but distinguishable therefrom by the roundish posterior margin of the basal cloud, and the more umbreous and sufi*used colour of the cloud itself. Fig. 888 of pi. 30 of Wood^s ^ Index Entomologicus ' represents this insect very much more truthfully than the species it purports to be {A, Cynosbatella) , from which it is easily separated by the absence of the black dot in the middle of the posterior margin of the basal cloudy and by the absence of the ocelloid patch at the anal angle. The imago appears from the middle of June to the beginning of July, in rose-gardens. Like A. Capraanay it comes to light. Not yet detected in Scotland, and only very sparingly in the north of England. The larva feeds on the Rose, and is common in some places. M. Guenee says of it, " Larva rosetarum pestis,^^ showing, at least, that on the Continent it is very abundant. 6. Cynosbatella, Linn. Ahs anticis albis ; basi pone medium albo, griseo, fusco, bnmneo, nigro cseruleoque variegatis ; in parte alba medio, jiixta marginem obscurum maculis duabus oblongis brun- neis ; posticis fuscescentibus. J Exp. al. 7-10 lin. Head dusky brown, with a few grey scales. Face same colour as the head, but somewhat paler below. Eyes black, slightly shining. Palpi : above, at apex dusky brown ; drab at base, at sides, beneath and between. Antennae fuscous, the basal joint above clothed with dark brown scales, with its apex pale ; beneath usually vrith pale drab shining scales. Thorax in front dull fuscous, spotted and festooned with black, hoary grey behind ; the crest intense brown, sometimes black. Patagia fuscous grey, striped with black towards the base. Anterior wings dirty white. The costal and doi-sal margins maculated throughout with black. The basal or clouded portion of the wing extends on the costa to the middle, and rather more than two-thirds along the dorsal margin ; its posterior edge undulated gently to the middle, then suddenly dilated into a sharp angle, avid from thence attaining the dorsal margin hi an almost perpendicular course. The basal patch and central fascia are much angulated, and composed of rich golden brown, fuscous and black ; the space between slightly paler, of a fuscous colour, and mth an oblong- oval mark, white at each end, on the fold towards the dorsal margin. In the hay formed by the angle in the edge of the cloud are two black spots, the uppermost largest and oval ; close to the dorsal margin are one or two smaller spots ; the apical portion of the wing clouded with grey, with a distinct eye-like spot at the apex, and the margin sometimes with black lunules. Apical scales shining, dark TORTRICINA. 27 grey tipped with white. Cilia paler and mottled ; both becoming nearly white at the anal angle. Posterior wings fuscons, paler at the base. Marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia pale straw-colour. Abdomen fuscous, the caudal tuft dull drab. 2 Exp. al. 8-10 Hn. The most common of the British Antithesits, varying consider- ably in size, but tolerably constant as to colour. One variety is recorded as pertaining to this species — the A, nubiferana of Haw., which is very distinct, and all the specimens of it, that we have seen, are well represented in Wood's ^ Index Entomologi- cus,' pi. 30. fig. 869. It is very rare, occurring in hedges near Darenth. Some other localities are named for it, among which are Willesden in Middlesex, and Brislington in Somersetshire. The anterior wings are dirty white, with indistinct and un- defined dusky clouds from the base to beyond the middle ; the costa is destitute of markings ; at two-thirds from the base, and one-third from the dorsal margin, is a largish cloudy fuscous spot. Head, face, palpi, thorax and posterior wings as in the typical insect. Should not this be restored to the rank of a species ? The (typical) imago abounds in June among Whitethorn and Blackthorn hedges, and is generally distributed over the whole country. It occurs also in Scotland and Ireland. The pupa is black, and measures 5 lines in length. The larva is dingy olive -green, with a black head ; the shield black, with anterior margin pale; a black patch on the anal segment, and black dots. It feeds on the Whitethorn, Black- thorn, Plum, Cherry, &c. 7. Pruniana, Hiib. AHs anticis albis; basi pone medium albo, cinereo, brunneo atroque variegatis ; margine apicali fusco ; maculis tribus distinctis fuscis costalibus ; posticis fuscescentibus. S Exp. al. 6|-8 lin. Head fuscous, darkest in front. Pace slightly paler. Eyes black. Palpi fuscous, paler beneath. AntennaG fuscous. Thorax fuscous before and behind, with a broad band of dull drab or grey across the vertex; the bifid crest rich castaneous. Patagia : basal half fuscous, the remainder dull drab or grey. Anterior wings dull, pale cream- colour, the dark portion extending along the costa to the middle, and rather more than two-thirds along the dorsal margin ; its posterior edge usually undulated to beyond the centre, like the letter /, and then continued in a somewhat receding direction. The basal patch is very angulated, and made up of mottled markings and streaks of golden and darker brown, fiiscous and iron-grey. The central fascia is distinct and curved, of golden brown, with darker shades placed longitudinally, fuscous and grey exteriorly; 28 TORTRICINA. the space between paler, assuming the appearance of two broadish streaks following the angulation of the fascia, and produced to the dorsal margin ; pale at their origin ; then dark grey and brown, speckled with cream -colour, particularly on the fold. The two spots on the edge of the basal cloud, as in A. Cynosbatella, are, in this species, replaced hy a rich oval golden-hrown one, and scarcely separated from the fascia. The apical portion of the ^ving is marked mth three equidistant obhque marks on the costa (the apical one sometimes produced to the apical margin), with smaller ones be- tween, and succeeded by an eye-like spot at the apex, all of a brown or dusky colour ; in the middle are some golden-broMTi clouds, streaked with black, and mixed with patches of pale lustrous blue or leaden-coloured scales. Apical margin browTQ. Apical scales brown, mth pale bases. Cilia same colour, but slightly paler and somewhat mottled ; both becoming white at the anal angle. Posterior mngs fuscous. Marginal scales shining, fuscous, with luteous bases. Ciha shining, pale straw-colour. Abdomen fiiscous. $ Exp. al. 7-8 lin. Also a very common insect ; not variable, save as to intensity of colour. Allied to A. Cynosbatella, but much smaller, and further distinguished by the clouded apex of the anterior wings. In this latter character it resembles A. Sauciana ; but the basal cloud of Sauciana extends two-thirds along the costa, whilst in this species it extends only to one-half. The variety pullana, as referred to this insect by J. F. Stephens, and figured in Wood's ^ Index Entomologicus/ pi. 30. fig. 891, has the posterior edge of the basal cloud rounded towards the dorsal margin. The imago appears from the middle of June to the beginning of July, and is generally distributed throughout the country. It occurs also in Scotland and in Ireland. The north of England and Scotch specimens are smaller and more intensely coloured than those captured in the south of England. The larva is full-grown in May, and feeds on the Sloe [Prunus spinosa), Plum, Mountain Ash, Cherry, &c. 8. dimidiana, Treitschke. Alis anticis pallide roseis ; basi medioque fasciis nigro, brunneo, fusco cinereoque variegatis ; pone marginem posticum fasciae mediae puncto brunneo ; posticis fiiscis. ^ Exp. al. 7-7-|- lin. Head smoky-brown. Pace smoky-brown, approaching to black. Eyes black. Palpi intense brown, paler beneath. Antennae dark brown, slightly paler beneath ; the basal joint clothed vrith black scales. Thorax black or obscure brown, alternated Tvith pink ; the bifid tuft black. Patagia of same colours as the thorax. Anterior wings dull, pale rose-pink. The dark portion of the wing extends to the middle of the costa and four-fiLfths along the dorsal margin, TORTRICINA. 29 with its posterior edge gently nndiilated and produced outwardly towards the anal angle. The basal patch is distinct, angulated in the middle, proceeds rather farther on the dorsal margin than on the costa, and is composed of grey, fuscous, and rich and intense brown patches and streaks. The central fascia is chiefly of golden (sometimes subochreous) brown, with obscure markings, especially in the middle, and mixed with iron-grey patches exteriorly. The space between the basal patch and the fascia is broadly pink at the costa, followed by a cloud of iron-grey colour spotted with brown, terminating by another cloud of similar colours on the dorsal margin. There is a distinct intense brown spot, of variable shape and size in different specimens, near the middle of the posterior edge of the central fascia. From the apical margin originate several irregular long streaks, frequently curved, of a pale brown or subochreous tint. Apical scales pale brown, with pinkish bases. Cilia dark brown, mottled with a paler shade; the bases subochreous, and both be- coming dusky pink at the anal angle. Posterior wings clothed with coai-se fuscous scales on a whitish or straw- coloui-ed ground. Mar- ginal scales fuscous, with straw-coloured bases. Cilia pale straw- colour. Abdomen fuscous, the caudal tuft with an ochreous tinge. 5 Exp. al. 7-7-|- Hn. Apex of the abdomen ochreous. This pretty and distinct species varies in the intensity of its colouring, and is of the size of A. Pruniana. It was first cap- tured by the late Richard Weaver, in Inverary, in 1844; and Mr. Stainton, who has since met with it in the glens of the Isle of Arran, thinks it frequents the Mountain Sallow. This species seems confined to the north of England and to Scotland. It appears in June, frequenting the mosses and damp places on the hills. The larva feeds on the Sweet Gale [Myrica Gale). 9. marginana, Haw. Alis anticis ochraceo-stramineis ; basi pone medium ochraceo, cinereo, brunneo atroque variegatis ; margine apicali fusco ; in medio marginis fasciae punctum, tribusque margine apicali atris ; posticis maris basi albicantibus, apice fuscis ; foe- mince fuscis, apice saturatioribus. S Exp. al. 7-8 lin. Head dark fuscous, paler behind. Face paler than the head. Eyes black. Palpi above fuscous, darkest at the apex, at sides paler; whitish beneath and between. Antennae pale fuscous. Thorax brown. Patagia drab at base and apex, fuscous below the shoulder. Anterior mngs dull, rich cream-colour; the basal cloud extends two -thirds along the costa and nearly to the anal angle on the dorsal margin. At the base is a pale brown patch, streaked with rich chocolate-brown. From the middle of the costa proceeds a broad, irregular, much-angulated fascia of rich brown colour, shaded with chocolate, umber and black ; the space between this fascia and the 30 TORTRICINA. base is suffused T\ith dark fuscous, leaving a pale mark at the costa, with othei-s on the dorsal margin. The posterior edge of the basal patch and anterior border of the fascia are bounded by cream-coloured streaks. Within the anal angle is an elongated, speckled, black mark, and immediately above it is a small clouded black spot. The costa is broadly marked with triangular brown patches, three of which are beyond the central fascia, followed by the apical spot, of rich brown colour, which is produced down the apical margin ; below the apical spot is a dusky cloud, sometimes black ; the middle of the apical region is more or less mottled "with black spots on a grey ground. Apical scales intense brown, with the bases and tips nar- rowly cream- colour. Cilia shining, rich brown, slightly mottled, and, with the apical scales, becoming cream-colour at the anal angle. Posterior wings white at the base, with a pearly lustre, gradually becoming fuscous to the margins ; darkest at the apex. Marginal scales fuscous. Cilia pale fuscous grey at the apex, straw-colour at the anal angle. Abdomen fuscous, the caudal tuft shining drab. 5 Exp. al. 7 lin. In colour and markings like the S , except that the posterior wings are wholly rich fuscous, slightly paler at the base. A rare species, and not variable. In general appearance it approaches A. Gentianana, but is much smaller, and the light portions of the anterior wings paler. The pale- bordered pos- terior wings of the 6 are an excellent character. The imago appears in May and June, "sparingly in the southern counties, as well as in the north of England. Stephens records Coombe and Darenth Woods as localities ; at the latter, specimens were taken in July. Mr. Staintou, in the ' Zoologist,^ p. 1791, states that he took one specimen in a clover-field at Pashley, near Ticehurst in Sussex, in September. By this range of season (May to September) it seems that this insect is continually ap- pearing, or that there may be more than one brood in the year. According to Guenee, the larva feeds on the pith of the Teazle {Dipsacus), frequently living and undergoing its transformations under a silken covering among the seeds. It is reddish white, with the head, shield and true legs black. In shape vermi- form, and small in size. 10. similana, Willdnson, MSS. Alis anticis paUide ochraceis ; basi pone medium brimneo, fusco atroque variegatis ; fascia in medio saturatiore ; apice brunneo strigato ; posticis maris basi albican- tibus, apice fuscis ; fmnince fuscis, apice saturatioribus. c? Exp. al. 6 lin. Head chocolate -brown, paler behind. Eace paler. Eyes black. Palpi above, at apex, and at sides, dark brown, paler at base ; drab TbRTRICINA. 31 beneath and between. Antennae pale fuscous. Thorax dark brown. Patagia fuscous at base and apex, darker below the shoulder. An- terior wings dull, cream-colour, the dark cloud extending two-thirds along the costa and three-fourths along the dorsal margin ; it con- sists of an angulated basal patch and a broad central fascia, with the space between somewhat paler. The basal patch is fuscous, streaked with umber posteriorly, and edged with cream-colour. The central fascia is rich brown, with umber markings ; its posterior edge sharply defined mid nearly straight ; its anterior is angulated with a cream-coloured border, and constricted before attaining the dorsal margin ; the space, between, is fuscous, becoming cream- colour on the margins. Within the anal angle is an elongated patch with a rounded apex, of the same colours as the fascia, edged with white, and above it a somewhat pyriform mark, with a sharply defined edge, and curving downwards, along the margin at the anal angle ; the apical angle is clouded with brown. The costal and dorsal margins are macu- lated throughout ; on the former, beyond the basal cloud, are three distinct triangular dark brown marks, succeeded by the apical spot. Apical scales umber, at the tips and bases narrowly cream-coloured, cilia mottled brown, becoming, with the marginal scales, pale cream- colour at the anal angle. Posterior wings white at the base, with a pearly lustre, merging into fuscous at the margins, darkest at the apex ; the nervures of the wing fuscous, and more distinctly marked than in A. marginana. Marginal scales fuscous, with rich cream- coloured bases. Cilia straw-colour. Abdomen fuscous, the caudal tuft pale drab. $ Exp. al. 6 lin. In colour more sombre than the S • the pyriform mark at the apex is here replaced by several clouded black marks, and in the pale portion of the costa there is only a single spot preceding the apical one. Posterior wings fuscous ; cilia whitish. An uncommon species. Very closely allied to A. margmana, hence the specific name^ but smaller, and with the apical markings larger and more distinct. It is in the cabinet of Mr. J. J. Weir, who took it near Tunbridge ; and in those of Messrs. Bond, Shepherd, and Waring, who took them in the New Forest in June. 11. Sauciana, Hiib. Alis anticis ochraceo-albidis, basi pone mediiun cinereo, nigro, brunneo caeruleoque variegatis ; apice brunneo fuscoque strigato ; posticis nigro-fuliginosis. c^" Exp. al. 6|-7 lin. Head and face ferruginous brown ; the latter darker below. Eyes black. Palpi above and at sides fuscous, alternated with drab ; fuscous beneath, drab between. Antennae dark brown. Thorax and patagia ferruginous, banded with black. Anterior wings dull, cream-colour ; the dark portion of the wing extends two-thirds along the costa, and to the anal angle on the dorsal margin ; its posterior edge recedes to the middle, then proceeds in an undulating and advancing course to 32 TORTRICINA. its termination. The basal patch is distinctly visible ; darkest pos- teriori}', and composed of umber streaks, thickly covered with patches with a bluish gloss. The central fascia umber, with darker shades and bluish streaks exteriorly on the costa and towards the dorsal margin. The space between the basal patch and central fascia as dark as either, but entirely suffused with a bluish gloss, and in some instances made up of blue ocellated spots. The darh spot at the exterior margin of the central fascia is large, and suffuses ivith the fascia itself, formiiig a prominent node upon it, accom- panied by an apparent sharply- cur\'ed incision. The apical portion of the wing is thickly clouded with dark dusky brown, with two longitudinal black streaks edged naiTowly with cream-colom- between the central nervures ; at the apex is a distinct dark eye-Hke spot, preceded by two conspicuous marks on the costa. Apical scales dark brown. Cilia smoky -black, slightly shining, and of a bluish tinge, both becoming cream-colour at the anal angle. Posterior wings deep fuscous, darkest at the margins. Marginal scales darker, with pale fuscous bases. Cilia pale fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. $ Exp. al. 8 lin. Anterior wings marked as in the c? , but the delineation more distinct, and the colours richer. Posterior wings darker than in the ^ . The darkest-coloured of the known British Antithesis ; the ? darker than the 6 . Allied to A. Sellana and to A. Gentia- nana ; in size larger than the former and smaller than the latter. Distinguished from both by the dark colour of the basal cloud, its defined posterior margin, and the paler colour of the pre-apical portion of the wing. The imago appears in June, and was first captured at Leith Hill, in Surrey, by Mr. Stan dish. It occurs commonly in the north of England, especially in Lancashire. The larva feeds on the Bilberry {Vacci?iium Myrtillus). 12. Gentianana, Hiib., Haw. Alis anticis albidis aut pallida ochra- ceis ; basi pone medium nigro, brunneo, cinereo, csenileo, hturisque albidis variegatis ; margine postico fusco-strigato ; ad angulum analem et supra in medio punctis atris ; posticis fuscis, margine satiiratioribus. c? Exp. al. 7^9 lin. Head dull brown, paler behind. Face dull brown. Eyes black. Palpi doll brown a. apex, pale drab at base. Antennae obscure brown. Thorax dull brown, alternated with cream-colour. Patagia ochroous, "with a brown patch at the shoulder. Anterior wings dull, cream-colour, the dark poition extending two-thirds along the costa; its posterior edge passing in a slightly oblique direction to the dorsal margin. The basal patch angulated and much mottled and streaked, composed of fuscous, grey, dark brown, black, and lustrous blue markings, speckled with cream- colour, and its lower edge somewhat TORTRICIXA. 33 produced along the dorsal margin. The central fascia is made up of the same colours, but somewhat darker, much angulated on both sides, and edged here and there with cream- colour. The space between this fascia and the basal patch is streaked and reddish on the costa, then of obscure colour to the dorsal margin, superposed with lustrous blue. Close to the posterior edge of the central fascia, and follow- ing its outline from near the costa to the dorsal margin, is a pale dusky cloud, beyond which, in the middle, is a dark brown spot ; below, there are several others, in a cluster, more or less developed. Near the middle of the apical margin are two or three (sometimes only one) black spots, or longitudinal streaks. The costa is marked throughout alternately \vith coarse and fine streaks of brown; a brown cloud occupies the apex, sometimes streaky, at others confluent, and extending more or less along the margin. A few lustrous blue scales are towards the apex, and a patch of pale lustrous scales near the anal angle. Marginal scales brown. Cilia slightly shining (long towards the anal angle), dark brown, with ochreous bases, both becoming cream-colour at the anal angle. Posterior wings deep fuscous, darkest at the margins. Marginal scales deep fuscous, with pale ochreous bases. Cilia deep straw-colour, with a dusky line in the middle. Abdomen shining, deep fuscous, the caudal tuft paler. 2 Exp. al. 8-9 lin. This species is rarely captured in the imago state, although the larva is to be met with commonly in Teazel-heads. It varies in the intensity of its colours, and also in size. It re- sembles A. Sauciana, but is not so darkly coloured, and is easily separated from it by the ground-colour being more ochreous, and by the posterior margin of the basal cloud being more suffused. The imago appears in July at Charlton and Sydenham in Kent, at Southend, near Dover, and throughout the metropolitan district. It is not recorded as having appeared in Scotland or in Ireland. The pupa state is assumed towards the end of May. The pupa is about 3| lines long, shining, and of an olive-brown colour. The larva is dirty yellowish white, with a shining black head, sometimes piceous ; shield black (sometimes smoky black, with the edges darkest), slightly paler in front, and divided by a slender dorsal line ; the spots are oval, elevated, and of a pale olive-green colour. On the twelfth segment is a transverse, long, elevated mark of olive- green colour, darker than the segmental spots, and with a deep fovea on each side. Anal seg- ments suddenly attenuated, with its apex rugose and shining. It is found commonly in Teazel-heads, of which it feeds in the pith. Before going into pupa it spins a long loose white silken web in the Teazel-head. 34 TORTRICINA. 13. sellana, Hiib. Alis anticis pallide ochraceis ; prope ad apicem bnmneo fuscoque variegatis, margine postico brunneo; posticis fusco-nigris. S Exp. al. 6-i— 7 lin. Head and face dusky brown. Eyes black. Palpi longer tban the head ; above drab at base, smoky black at the apex ; at sides dusky; beneath drab. Antennae fuscous. Thorax dusky brown, speckled with drab, palest behind. Patagia at base dusky brown ; the apices drab. Anterior wings dull, drab, inclining to pale ochreous, with dark clouds to near the apex, and the apex itself brown. The basal cloud extends fully three-fourths along the costa, and to the anal angle on the opposite margin : it is composed of a rhomboid darker patch at the base, followed by a somewhat paler space before the central fascia, which is broad, irregular, and tolerably sharply de- fined, and as dark as the basal patch ; an irregular brown patch occupies the apical angle, and between this and the basal cloud, towards the anal angle, is a cinereous spot, bordered with white. On the costa before the middle are two, and beyond three, gemina- tions, the former cinereous, the latter pale drab. Apical scales and cilia brown, paler at the anal angle. Posterior wings at the base whitish, merging into fuscous at the margin. 2 Exp. al. 6i— 7 lin. Anterior wings as in the c? ; posterior wings wholly fuscous. Mar- ginal scales fuscous, with drab bases. Cilia cinereous. A rare species, allied to A. Sauciana, but much smaller in size, and not so dark in colour. Occurs at the Hilly Field near Mickleham. 14. ustulana, Haw. AUs anticis fuliginosis; basi pone medium margineque apicah brunneo ustulatis ; punctis duobus costalibus fulvis ; posticis fusco -fuliginosis. (S Exp. al. 4i lin. Head fuscous, slightly darker in front. Face rather darker than the head. Eyes black. Palpi as long, and of same colour as the head, except at the base beneath, where they are paler. Antennae fuscous. Thorax fuscous, banded with darker brown, the crest rich brown. Patagia ftiscous at the base ; paler, inclining to dusky drab, at the apex. Anterior wings dull, pale pinldsh brown, with a golden tinge, clouded nearly all over with patches and markings of various shades of dark brown. The basal patch is much angulated, has a pale violet tinge at the base which softens into chocolate-brown ; the central fascia is of the latter colour, streaked with darker shades, is angulated on both edges, and narrows towards the dorsal margin. The space between this and the basal patch is streaked in the middle, of dark colour, with a pale violet tinge ; on the fold is an oblong mark placed longitudinally, with its extremities pale and shining. The apical portion of the wing is filled up "v\dth chocolate- brown streaks, especially at the apex, mixed and preceded by dark streaks slightly violet. At the subapical portion of the costa, and at the anal angle, are somewhat paler clouds, having a golden lustre ; TORTRICINA. 35 the costa is strongly marked with, oblique streaks, most distinct before, and immediately beyond the central fascia. Apical scales dull dark brown with pale bases. Cilia dark smoky brown, with a violet tinge and paler bases, both becoming paler at the anal angle. Pos- terior wings dull golden brown. Marginal scales fuscous, with dusky subochreous bases. Cilia pale fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, shining ; the caudal tuft paler and dull. $ Exp. al. 5 lin. In general markings like the (S , but more defined and of richer tone. The smallest of the known British Antithesis, and somewhat rare. Distinguished by the ordinarily pale fascia towards the apex of the anterior wings^ being much suffused, and not much paler than the basal portion. The imago appears in June. It occurs in Norfolk, Coombe, and Darenth Woods. It is not enumerated, either by Guenee, or Herriok Schseffer, by which it seems unknown on the Con- tinent. Genus VII. PENTHINA, Treit. Head narrow. Antennae setaceous, stouter and pubescent beneath in the (5 • Palpi rather longer than the head, curved and por- rected upwards ; basal joint short and stout ; apical minute, oval, half the length of the basal ; middle six times as long as the apical, stout, curved, cylindrical, clothed beneath with long scales. Maxillae stout, much longer than the palpi. Thorax stout, sub- globose, tufted behind. Anterior wings : length exceeds twice the width. Costa regularly arched ; apex obtuse ; apical margin slightly concave, dorsal margin rounded. The discoidal cell extends beyond the middle of the wing, and is wholly situated in the upper half. Posterior wings ample, apex obtuse ; apical margin scarcely concave. Abdomen slender, tufted in both sexes. By Herrich Schseffer, the only example at present known in this genus is associated with the Antithesice, but it is abundantly distinct both in the form of the larva and in the imago state. The former is more elongated and active ; and in the structure of the perfect insect the palpi are very long, independent of the disposition of the colouring being widely different. Treitschke has erected it into a distinct genus as above ; and we have adopted his views. 1. Salicella, Linn. Ahs anticis margins dorsali lata albis ; basi ma- cula nigra; costa ad apicem margineque apicali cinereo, fusco, nigro atroque variegatis ; thorace niveo, nigro punctato ; posticis fuscis, margine saturatioiibus. S Exp. al. 9-9^ lin. Head snow-white behind, black on vertex, with an irroration of d2 36 TORTRICINA. white scales behind, and wholly white under the antennae. Face shining, white above, black below. Eyes black. Palpi white, the terminal joint pale brown. Antenna) fuscous, the basal joint clothed with black scales above, and white beneath ; the tip of the basal joint white. Thorax white, with one or two fine waved bands of black across the vertex ; the bifid crest rich brown. Patagia white, with a black spot near the base. Anterior wings shining, snow- white, with a pearly iridescence. The costa is streaked throughout with fuscous, more broadly at the apex. The base of the wing at the costal region, and the dorsal margin, excepting a few dusky streaks, to near the anal angle, broadly white ; the remainder of the costal half and the apex beautifully mottled with black, obscure brown, white, and lustrous blue spots and markings; the blue markings are most distinct towards the apex and apical margin. Near the base, on the dorsal margin, is a cluster of minute black dots. Apical scales obscure brown, with ochreous bases. Cilia mottled brown, with paler bases, becoming Lighter at the anal angle. Posterior wings fuscous, darkest at the apex. Marginal scales fuscous, the bases whitish. Cilia whitish, shining. Abdomen pale grey ; the caudal tuft subochreous. $ Exp. al. 10 lin. In general colour darker than the (^ . This beautiful species is not very common, nor is it subject to variation. The sordid lustrous blue marks, disposed inde- pendently in patches on a white ground, is a peculiarity which renders this insect conspicuous and remarkable; the lustrous blue markings in the Tortricina assume usually the form of streaks and spots. The imago appears in June, July, and August, among Sallows and Willows, in the metropolitan district, and the south and south-west of England. We have taken it among Aspens and Alders. According to Curtis, it is found settling in the " trunks of Sallows and Willows, especially of S. CapraBa and viminalis." The pupa is 5^ lines long. The head, thorax, and wing-cases are black, the limb-cases chocolate-brown and shining. Abdomen deep brown, each segment paler posteriorly ; caudal extremity armed with yellowish-brown hooks. The larva is 9 lines in length, of a dull red-brown colour, and active, stoutest in the middle. The head is small, heart-shaped, black and shining ; shield black, with a subdued gloss, and with its fore margin dull brown ; the spots are oval, elevated, black, and shining. There is a large, round, rugose, black plate upon the anal segment. Legs dull brown, with the bases of the joints black. It feeds on the various species of Willow, folding the leaves with white silk. It goes into pupa about the beginning of June, and remains in that state about fourteen days. TORTRICINA. 37 Genus VIII. SIDEREA, Guenbe. Antennae setaceous, stoutest in the cS . Palj)i longer than the head; basal joint stout, curved; apical slender, obovate, densely clothed mth short scales, half as long as the basal ; middle twice the length of the apical, slightly cm^ed, very stout, thickest towards the apex, clothed with long scales. Maxillae as long as the palpi. Thorax moderately stout, ovate, not tufted behind. Anterior wings elongate, triangular ; length exceeding twice the width. Costa arcu- ated, somewhat obtase towards the base ; the apex slightly pro- duced ; apical margin concave, dorsal margin slightly rounded. The discoidal cell extends two-thirds the length of the wing, and from between the first and second subcostal nervures receives an internal one, which passes to the apical vein between the second and third apical nervures. Posterior wings : apex obtuse ; apical margin very concave ; dorsal margin straight. Abdomen slender in the (S , stouter in the 2 > with a caudal tuft at the apex in both sexes. M. Guenee has chosen the above name for the reception of the only species at present known in this genus^ and places it in his 5th tribe (Sericoridi), between Notocelia [Aspis) and Sericoris, which does not seem to us as its proper place. It ill assorts with Notocelia, from its not possessing the folded costa, besides the structure of the palpi being very different : in the venation of the anterior wings, however, it approaches the Sericorida. Its location by Mr. Curtis among the Spilonotcs appears much more natural ; but as that appellative is now restricted to such species as have the costa folded, we must find a new one for the subject of this genus, and therefore adopt M. Guenee^s. 1. Achatana, Schiff'. Alls anticis griseis, cinereo strigatis; macula basi in medio costae, altera dorsali angulum analem versus, apice- que brunneis ; posticis fuscis. S Exp. al. 7-8 lin. Head and face fuscous. Eyes black. Palpi as long as the head, fuscous, darkest at the apex. Antennae brown. Thorax and pata- gia dull brown, the latter palest at the apex. Anterior wings dull, pale grey, with chocolate-brown and brick-red markings. At the base is a chocolate-brown patch, streaked with drab, extending one- fourth along the costa, and one-third along the dorsal margin, with its posterior edge broadly angulated in the middle. At the middle of the costa is a broad, oblique, quadrate patch, passing one-third across the disk, and ending abruptly. On the dorsal margin, occu- pying from within the anal angle to near the middle, and proceeding to midway towards the costa, is an obtusely rounded patch, of dark chocolate colour, and edged with white posteriorly : in shape this is sometimes conical, but is frequently angulated on its anterior edge. 38 TORTRICINA. The costa is marked with six geminated pale streaks, two before the middle, which are produced more or less distinctly to the dorsal margin, and four beyond, which are sHghtly lustrous, and produced into metallic-lustred lines. In the apical angle is an oblique, broad, brick-red band, and a similar colonized spot at the apex. The pale portions of the wing are streaked with iron grey. At the anal angle are a few white spots, mixed with broadish, pale, lustrous, blue streaks. Apical margin edged with intense brown scales. Apical scales dull brown, with drab bases, and speckled with white towards the apex. Cilia glossy, iron-grey, with a fuscous tinge ; a few white scales at the apex, and a dark patch level with the oblique band on the apical angle. Posterior wings dull, pale fuscous. Mar- ginal scales glossy, fuscous, with straw-coloured bases. Cilia glossy, paler, fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous ; the caudal tuft di-ab. $ Exp. al. 6-8 lin. An uncommon species : variable in size, colour, and also in the shape of its markings, especially of the basal patch, which is sometimes angulated in the middle, and at others more or less truncate. In general appearance it resembles the Sericorida, and also Lithographia trimaculana, from all of which it is distin- guished by the dark chocolate-coloured patch on the dorsal margin, near the anal angle ; in this last respect it resembles Notocelia Udmanniana. The imago appears in June and July, frequenting Hawthorn- hedges, and occurs at Coombe and Darenth Woods j near Beck- enham, West Wickham, Lewisham, Northfleet, Ripley ; in Nor- folk, Devonshire, Worcestershire, &c. Genus IX. DICHELIA, Guenee. Antennae inserted in the front of the head, over the eyes ; shghtly stouter in the S • Palpi longer than the head, divergent ; basal joint short, stout, cun^ed, tnmcate ; apical as long as the basal, slender, terminating in a point, horizontal ; middle ascending, three times as long as the apical, very stout, thickening from the base to near the apex, slightly curved, ascending, and clothed at apex above and beneath with long scales. Maxillae slender, as long as the palpi. Thorax ovate, not tufted. Anterior wings : length equals twice the width. Costa arcuated somewhat abruptly at the base. Apex ob- tuse ; apical margin subtiimcate, straight ; dorsal margin shghtly rounded. The discoidal cell extends two-thirds the length of the wing, somewhat arched above, and receives an internal nervure, in- serted near the first subcostal nervure, and crossing to the apical vein, which gives out five apical nervures, of which the first is fur- cate midway from its base. Posterior wings concave on the apical TORTRICINA. 39 and dorsal margins, the latter very slightly. Abdomen slender, shorter in the $ , tufted at the apex in both sexes. The only insect comprised in this genus was formerly asso- ciated by J. F. Stephens, in his ' Illustrations/ with the Lozo- tcenicE, to which it bears considerable resemblance, both in form and colour, and is still retained there by Herrich Schseffer. In consequence of the folded costa being absent, and there being only live apical nervures proceeding from the apex of the discoidal cell on the anterior wings, the rounded apex, trun- cated apical margin, besides other minor differences in struc- ture, it can no longer remain in that position. M. Guenee has erected it into a separate genus under the above name, but he does not state upon what grounds. He has associated with it, in his Catalogue, diversana and histrionana, two continental species, which seem more properly to belong to the genera Tortrix and Sericoris, 1. Grotiana, Fab. Alis anticis ochraceis, subreticulatis ; fascia media distincta obliqua, macula costali triangulari postica brunneis ; posticis fuscis. J Exp. al. 5^—7 lin. Head and face ochreous. Eyes black. Palpi ochreous above and at sides, usually paler betw^een and beneath. Antennae above and beneath fuscous ; basal joint clothed with ochreous scales. Thorax in front, at sides, and behind, ochreous ; on vertex smooth, fuscous. Patagia ochreous. Anterior wings shining, ochreous, with rich brow^n markings. The base is streaked with reddish brown, with an ashy irroration, followed by a plain, ochreous space, shghtly clouded with ashy ; the central fascia is brown and broad, but with undefined edges, and somewhat angulated; it contracts a little towards the middle, and dilates from thence to the anal angle ; the subapical patch, more or less present, streaked with brown and rich ochreous, seldom produced to, or confluent with, the central fascia ; the pale portions of the wing streaked and reticulated with reddish brown ; the apidal margin ochreous, sometimes brown. Apical scales dull drab ; cilia paler, both becoming dilute at, and iron-grey beyond, the anal angle. Posterior wings very pale grey, clothed wdth coarse fuscous scales, darkest towards the margins. Marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia grey at the anal angle, slightly straw-colour at the apex. Abdomen shining, fuscous; the caudal tuft luteous. $ Exp. al. 5^7 lin. A somewhat local species, and occurring sparingly, but does not vary, excepting as to size. The imago appears in July among Hornbeam, Maple, and Honeysuckle. Epping Forest, New Forest, Darenth Wood, Martinhoe in Devonshire, Lewisham, and at Caesar's Camp, near 40 TORTRICINA. Farnham in Surrey, are recorded as its localities. It sometimes comes to sugar. Genus X. (ENECTRA, Guenee. Head covered above with hairy scales, which are somewhat directed over the face. Eyes small. AntennaD with the basal joint long and thickened, clothed with scales above, and pubescent beneath. Palpi thrice as long as the head, somewhat drooping, thickly clothed with short scales ; basal joint stout, ascending, truncate ; apical joint long, slender, drooping, twice as long as the basal ; middle arcuated, thickest in the centre, more than twice as long as the apical. Maxillae slender, not so long as the palpi. Thorax ovate, not tufted behind. Anterior wings : length equals twice the width. Costa arcuated, obtusely so at the base ; apical margin subtruncate, straight ; dorsal margin slightly rounded. The apical vein gives out five nervui^es, of which the first is furcate. Abdomen slender ; a small tuft at the apex in the c? . The subject of this genus is by M. Guenee removed from Tortrixy notwithstanding its general great resemblance. It is still retained there by Herrich SchsefFer. Like Dicheliay it has but five apical uervures in the anterior wings, and the great length of the palpi is very characteristic. 1. Pilleriana, Schiif. Alls anticis stramineis autochraceis ; macula basin marginis dorsalis versus, fasciis duabus undulatis margine- que apicali brunneis ; posticis fusco-griseis. S Exp. al. 8 lin. • Head and face drab. Ej^es black. Palpi above and at sides drab, irrorated with pale fuscous straw-colom* between and beneath. Antennas dull drab. Thorax drab. Patagia drab, with the bases somewhat ferruginous. Anterior wings shining, pale ochreous, with the apex sHghtly darker, and the markings more or less fuscous. Near the base on the dorsal margin is a small patch ; this is some- times wanting. At one-third from the base of the costa commences a fascia, nearly straight in its anterior edge, shghtly dilating, and un-angulated posteriorly ; the subapical patch is here placed just be- yond the middle of the costa, and is produced in an irregular and interrupted manner to the anal angle ; the apex reticulated. Apical scales and ciha straw-colour, the latter paler. Posterior wings pale grey, clothed with coarse fuscous scales. Marginal scales and cilia pale straw-colour. Abdomen grey, the caudal tuft straw-colom-. $ Exp. al. 8i- lin. Anterior mngs ochreous; in certain lights ivith a brassy iridesceyice ; the markings somewhat as in the S , but darker and more clearly defined. Near the base, on the dorsal margin, is a fuscous patch, followed by a very curved fascia, originating before the mid^c, is widest at its termination ; its anterior edge concave, TORTRICINA. 41 and its posterior giving out a branch towards the dorsal margin, and pointing to the apical margin. Beyond this, the subapical spot is produced into a second fascia, widest on the costa, diminishing as it reaches the opposite margin ; sometimes this fascia is interrupted towards the middle, at the part where it narrows. Apical margin fuscous. The only place at which this species is recorded to have been captured is near Ventnor, Isle of Wight, where it was taken about thirteen years ago- by W. W. Saunders, Esq., in July. It has occasionally turned up since at the same place. Messrs. Buxton and A. F. Sheppard have taken it in some plenty ; but it is still rare in cabinets. This insect affects the Iris faiti- dissima in the seed- capsules, of which plant the larva is said to feed. On the Continent the larva is very destructive to the Vine. Genus XI. CLEPSIS, Guenee. Head small. Antennae setaceous, stouter and pubescent beneath in the c? • Palpi twice as long as the head, stout, drooping, thickly clothed with loose scales, which envelope the apical joint ; basal joint stout, truncate; apical minute, straight, not so long as the basal ; middle, stout, thickened towards the apex, more than three times as long as the apical. Maxillae short. Thorax subglobose, not tufted behind. Anterior wings in the c? • length rather more than twice the width. Costa arcuated, obtusely so at the base. Apex acute ; apical margin straight, oblique ; dorsal margin slightly rounded. In the 2 the length of the anterior wings is considerably 7nore than twice the width, and they are obtusely arched at the base, hut straight beyond. Apex produced ; apical margin concave, oblique ; dorsal margin parallel with the costa. Posterior wings obtusely fal- cate at the apex ; apical margin concave ; the dorsal margin in the 2 more rounded than in the ^ . Abdomen slender in the ^ , with a large tuft at the apex ; stout and obtuse in the 2 - This genus is established by M. Guenee, who located it at the end of his 6th tribe Sciaphilidi, not however without doubt^ as in a foot-note he observes : — " Genus vix Sciaphilidis adnume- randum, sed ubi melius ?" The only species known^ offers very great resemblance to the true Torfrices, especially to our first section of that genus, where the anterior wings of the 2 are seniilanceolate (T. icterana and Viburnana) ; the palpi too are of similar structure, and it is just possible that further observation and knowledge of the larva may assign its real position in the latter genus. 1. rusticana, Treit. ? Alis anticis tnaris ochraceo-cinereis atomis 42 TORTRICINA. atris ; posticis cinereis. Fcem. : fla\is, basi nebula, punctis sparsis ochraceis ; posticis ochraceo-griseis. ^ Exp. al. 6-6^ lin. Head dusky brown, paler behind. Face blackish. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head, dusky, mixed with ochreous. Antennae dusky ochreous. Thorax and patagia dull ochreous brown. Ante- rior wings glossy, grey, with numerous short ochreous and dusky streaks disposed over the surface ; towards the middle of the disk is an umbre spot, and another below it, but shghtly nearer the apex, both edged with ochreous. Viewing this insect towards the base, the wing has a very ochreous appearance. Apical scales and cilia ochreous, the latter with the bases grey. Posterior wings glossy, whitish, clothed mth coarse grey scales with a violet tinge. Marginal scales grey, with straw-colour bases. Cilia straw-colour at the apex, otherwise grey. Abdomen dark iron-grey, the caudal tuft ochreous drab. $ Exp. al. Q-Q^ lin. Head, face, and palpi rich ochreous. Thorax and patagia ochreous. Anterior %Adngs bright ochreous, im- maculate, sometimes irrorated with dusky scales, which are occa- sionally disposed in streaks. Apical scales ochreous. Cilia paler. Posterior wings paler than in the J , and with apex slightly ochreous. A common species. The sexes differ^ but, inter se, are tolerably constant, both in size and colour. The imago appears in plenty in marshy places, and occurs in Cambridgeshire, Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Cheshire, and other parts of England ; also in the vicinity of Edinburgh, and boggy moors in Scotland. Genus XII. TORTRIX, Auctorum. Palpi longer than the head (sometimes considerably so, as in T. heparana), porrected horizontally, usually appressed ; basal joint stout, slightly curved, cylindrical, and drooping, partly enveloped by the clothing of the middle joint, which is more than three times the length of the apical one, stout, arching upwards at the apex, and densely clothed with scales ; apical slender, obovate, drooping, not so long as the basal. MaxillaB shorter than the palpi. Thorax stout, subovate, and tufted behind. Anterior wings : length frequently more than twice the breadth. Costa arcuated, abruptly so at the base; apex slightly produced upwards; apical margin truncate, nearly straight, or concave below the apex ; anal angle sometimes produced; dorsal margin slightly rounded. The costal vein is stout, and reaches to the middle of the costa. The discoidal cell extends beyond the middle of the wing, the subcostal vein arcuated, giving out the three subcostal nervures, which are nearly equi- distant. Posterior Mnngs ample ; apex obtuse ; apical margin con- cave. Abdomen slender and tufted at the apex in the d ; stout and obtuse at the apex in the $ . TORTRICINA. 43 This genus, with the following {Lozotaenia) , may be said to comprise the commonest and most generally-known and distri- buted species in the family, and fairly represent its type. In the early spring months, up to May, their larvae literally abound; not a plant, shrub, or tree, but affords food for great numbers of them. The ravages of the larvse of T. viridana in our Oak and Hornbeam woods are too well known to be commented upon ; nor can the larvae of T, Ribeana, heparana, and some others, be said to be scarcely less numerous, although their ravages are never so decided. From their vast numbers, these larvae perform a very important office in the economy of Nature, by affording food to many of our birds, which appear to live on nothing else whilst they are to be met with. In this genus we find the type of the venation in the wings, but the structure of the palpi presents no peculiarity. There are ten British species in this genus, which are ar- ranged in the following order : — A. Anterior wings in the $ semilanceolate. a. Anterior wings unicolorous Species 1 b. Anterior wings unicolorous in the ^ , but fre- quently fasciated in the $ Species 2 B. Anterior wings unicolorous, wings of the $ 72oi diffeiing from those of the <S Species 3 C. Anterior wings of sober colours, with darker /ascia? and spots Species 4-10. 1. icterajia, Frol. AKs anticis griseis vel stramineis; posticis pallide fusco-griseis. (S Exp. al. 11-12 Hn. Head tawny or ochreous. Face ochreous. Eyes black, slightly shining. Palpi : above ochreous, inclining to ferruginous, paler between ; at sides ochreous, darkest at apex, yellowish beneath. Antennae : above varying from straw-colour to fuscuos, alternated with brown, fuscous beneath; basal joint clothed with tawny or ochreous scales. Thorax tawny or ochreous, sometimes irrorated with iron-grey scales ; in front narrowly ochreous. Patagia coloured Hke the thorax, but vdth their apices paler. Anterior wings dull straw-colour, inchnrng to ochreous at base ; sometimes the wings are grey, irrorated with straw-coloured scales. Apical scales pale straw-colour. Cilia paler. Posterior wings pale fuscous grey, clothed with coarse scales. Marginal scales pale fuscous, with still paler bases. Cilia whitish, or very pale straw-colour, shining. Ab- domen shining, pale fuscous, or straw-colour ; the caudal tuft straw- colour, sometimes inclining to ochreous. $ Exp. al. 10 lin. An- terior wings bright pale ochreous, darkest at base, naiTower and more 44 TORTRICINA. acute at the apex than in the J in this last respect much resembling the 2 o^ Clepsis rusticana. This is a local species^ and varies somewhat in colour in the anterior wings of the c? , which ranges from cinereous to greyish straw-colour. The colours of the $ are tolerably constant. The imago appears in July and August, and occurs at Willes- den in Middlesex, in Cheshire, north of England, the vicinities of Edinburgh and Dublin. The larva is polyphagous, but preferring Centaur ea nigra and Plantago Lanceolana, the leaves of which it folds, and feeds therein. It is black, with conspicuous white spots. 2. Viburnana, Schiff. AHs anticis ochreo-fuscis ; media fascia obliqua ; ante apicem macula trigona dilute ferruginea ; posticis fusco-griseis. J Exp. al. 9-10 lin. Head and face fuscous. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head, fuscous. AntcnnaB fuscous, pubescent beneath. Thorax and patagia fuscous. Anterior wings with a satin gloss, ochreous-brown, with indistinct, faint ferruginous markings (these last sometimes wholly wanting). At the middle of the costa arises an oblique fascia, which attains the anal angle ; its anterior edge undulated, angulated, and 'dilated exteriorly. Near the apex, on the costa, is a rounded or triangulate patch. The apical region faintly reticulate. Apical scales and cilia paler than the groimd colour of the wings. Posterior wings fuscous, with a subdued gloss. Marginal scales and cilia dusky drab. Legs fuscous, the posterior pair palest. Abdomen glossy, dark fuscous, inclining to umbreous ; the caudal tuft large and subochreous. 5 Exp. al. 10 lin. Anterior wings longer, narrower, and more pointed at the apex, brighter coloured (inclining to ferru- ginous) than in the ^ , with the markings more defined and distinct. Not common : variable in the intensity of its colours and markings. In its lighter tints the d is not unlike T. icterana. The imago appears in July, and occurs throughout the country, but more commonly in the north of England ; also in Scotland, and at Killarney in Ireland. The larva feeds on Myrica Gale, Vaccinium Vitis Idcea, Sea- Wormwood, Chlora perfoliataf and other plants. It is white with black spots. 3. viridana, Linn. Alis anticis viridibus; costa anguste flava; posticis fusco-griseis. S Exp. al. 8-9-i- lin. Head and face sulphm--colom'ed, sometimes apple-green, or green- ish yellow. Eyes black, sHghtly shinmg. Palpi above and between sulphur- coloured, sometimes dull straw-colour ; at sides mixed with brown, beneath at apex brown, at base sid2)hur or straw-colour. TORTRICINA. 45 Antennae straw-coloured, alternated with fuscous ; basal joint clothed with sulphur-coloured scales. Thorax and patagia apple-green, nar- rowly yellow in front. Anterior wings apple -green, with the costal edge sulphur-coloured ; the disk is very frequently reticulated with slightly darker green, the reticulation is most distinct upon the venation, particularly at the apex. Apical scales apple-green, with slightly paler bases. Cilia white, sometimes with a yellowish tinge. Posterior wings shining, pale grey. Marginal scales sometimes darker, sometimes paler than the wing, with pale bases. Cilia white. Abdomen grey, the caudal tuft pale fuscous. 2 Exp. al. 10-12 lin. Same as the c? , except that the posterior wings in some specimens are broadly edged with a delicate green flush, visible in certain lights. Variation : there is one variety, in which the head, thorax, patagia, and anterior wings are of a primrose colour; but almost all the specimens we have seen are females. According to Stephens, in his ' Illustrations ' (Haust. vol. iv. p. 69), these are erroneously stated to be faded specimens, and are " the Tortrix Suttneriana of the Wien Verz." In the Stephensian Cabinet, at the British Museum, is an instance of this variety, which is in fine condition. The typical insect varies as to intensity of colour, and slightly as to size. The imago appears from the end of June to the middle of July, according to season ; is usually extremely abundant, and is distributed generally over the country, particularly in the south of England. The pupa is about 6 lin. in length, and of a dark chestnut colour, sometimes alternated with paler brown at the bases of the abdominal segments. It is to be found in June, spun up in a white silken web, between united or turned-down leaves of various trees, shrubs, and herbage, but particularly among Oaks. The larva is active, when full-grown, about 10 lin. in length, of a bright green colour to the middle ; beyond of a yellowish green, with minute black spots ; the head is hazel colour ; the shield bluish green in front, behind greenish brown, streaked and spotted transversely with dark brown. Its food is princi- pally Oak, in some seasons quite defoliating the trees. It is also to be found on Hornbeam, Aspen, Beech, and other forest-trees. The insects bred from larvae, which had fed upon Beech, turned out uniformly of a pale whitish-green colour. 4. Forsterana, Fab. Alis anticis cinereo fuscis ; maculis tribus saturatioribus in triangulo dispositis, duaB ad costam, tertia in margine dorsali ; posticis fuscescentibus. J Exp. al. 11-13 lin. Head : dull tawny behind, duU fuscous in front. Face dull fuscous. Eyes velvety black. Palpi : above, between, at sides, and beneath. 46 TORTRICINA. fuscous, darkest towards the apex. Antennae dull fuscous browTi above, pubescent beneath ; basal joint clothed with fuscous scales. Thorax pale dull fuscous. Patagia coloui^ed like the thorax. Anterior wings shining, pale ashy brown, reticulated with fine dull brown streaks, and two conspicuous dull brown patches on the costa ; that nearest the base darkest and most defined, that nearest the apex dilute, and suffused on its posterior edge ; a third and larger patch is on the dorsal margin, which extends obliquely to the middle of the wing, and has its anterior edge defined, posteriorly it softens into the ground-colour of the wing. Apical scales with their tips fuscous, and bases ashy grey. Cilia similarly coloured, but slightly paler. Posterior wings pale grey, irrorated with coarse fuscous scales. Marginal scales pale grey, with dirty white bases. Cilia dirty white. Abdomen fuscous grey, the caudal tuft tawny. $ Exp. al. 11-12 Hn. In colour slightly browner than the cJ , having the same markings, but with the patch on dorsal margin less distinct, and has the posterior wings somewhat paler, with a less irrorated appearance. This species varies but little in the ground-colour of the anterior wings, but the spots difi^er both in size and intensity of colour. The imago appears in June and July, but not commonly : it occurs at Coombe and Darenth Woods, Devonshire, Cheshire, and other places in England. It likewise occurs in the vicinity of Dublin. The larva feeds on Ivy, Honeysuckle, Privet, and has been bred from Myrtle : it is to be found early in the spring. 5. dumetana, Treit. Alis anticis fusco-ochraceis ; basi fascia, media altera obliqua, macula costali subtriangulari ante apicem brun- neis ; posticis basi griseis, apice pallide flavis subreticulatis. S Exp. al. 9i lin. Head and face pale fuscous brown. Eyes black, slightly shining. Palpi twice the length of head, and of an uniform pale fuscous- brown colour. Antennae : above same colour as the head, shghtly paler beneath. Thorax and patagia pale fuscous brown immaculate. Anterior wings clay- colour, with an ochreous tinge and duU fuscous- brown markings. Near the base is a well-defined line proceeding from the costa to the dorsal margin, and curved outwardly towards the former ; the space enclosed slightly darker than the groimd- colour of the wing. Before the middle of the costa commences a broad dilating fascia, regularly undulating on its anterior, and widen- ing and contracting, somewhat suddenly, on its posterior edge, the latter reaching the dorsal margin within the anal angle. Near the apex on the costa is a trigonate patch, with a sharply defined inter- rupted streak, proceeding from its apex towards the anal angle. The basal portion of the wing, including the central fascia, streaked Avith TORTRICINA. 47 transverse, interrupted, and undulating lines, especially on the costal and dorsal margins ; the apical portion reticulated. Apical scales duU, very short, dull brown at base ; apices clay- colour. Cilia also dull, and coloured like the apical scales. Posterior mngs pale straw-colour, with a pale fuscous cloud at the anal angle ; the apex slightly streaked with brown. Marginal scales slightly grey towards the anal angle, straw-colour at the apex. Cilia whitish at the anal angle, merging into straw-colour at the apex. $ Exp. al. 9^ lin. An- terior wings with the markings somewhat darker than in the <S . Posterior wings with a pale grey cloud at the anal angle. Marginal scales grey, mth luteous bases. Cilia pale grey at the apex, merging into pale straw-colour at the anal angle. A rare species, much resembling* L. heparana in the anterior wings, which however are slightly broader, and the ground- colour is not so dark ; the posterior wings are pale, like those in L. semialbana. The imago appears in July, and has been taken near Lewes by Mr. J. J. Weir : it occurs also at Monkswood (its original locality) . The larva feeds upon Oak, from which it has been bred by Mr. T. Brown of Cambridge. 6. heparana, Schiff. AHs anticis testaceo-rufis ; fusco reticulatis ; fascia basi, media obliqua maculaque postica costali saturatioribus ; margine posteriori fasciae mediae dentata ; posticis cinereo-fuscis. <S Exp. al. 8-10 Hn. Head and face dusky red brown. Eyes velvety, dark plum- co- lour. Palpi longer than the head, but of same colour above and at sides, dull drab between and beneath. Antennae duU brown above and beneath; the basal joint clothed with dusky drab shining scales beneath, and dull brown above. Thorax and patagia dusky red brown. Anterior wings pale red brown, with a purplish tinge on the costal region, and deep ferruginous markings, which are thus disposed ; at the base is a patch with an oblique angulated edge ; an obhque fascia commencing at the middle of the costa, and extending to the dorsal margin, within the anal angle : this fascia is narrowest shortly after its origin, and widest in the middle, being obtusely an- gulated on each edge. Between the central fascia and the apex, on the costa, is a trigonate patch, most clearly defined on its anterior edge ; the markings are mostly edged with a pale line, as in L. cin- namomeana, and the whole surface is thickly streaked with fine irregular dusky grey, interrupted, transverse lines, not assuming the appearance of reticulations. Apical scales short, concolorous with the ground-colour of the wing. Ciha : sometimes paler, at others darker than the marginal scales, and merging into shining grey at the anal angle. Posterior wings dull fuscous, darkest towards the apex. Mar- 18 TORTRICINA. ginal scales paler fuscous, with pale bases, especially at the apex. Cilia pale grey at the anal angle, merging into dirty white or very pale grey at the apex. Abdomen fuscous grey, darkest towards the apex ; the caudal tuft concolorous. 2 Exp. al. 8^—11 lin. Anterior wings coloured and marked as in the (^ , except that the fasciae are somewhat darker, and the transverse irregular lines appear more as reticulations ; but the pale lines at the edges of the chief markings are less distinct, and are frequently wanting. Posterior wings with the ciha darker. This species much resembles L. Ribeana, but does not vary, except as to size, and may readily be distinguished by the larger ])alpi, by its darker and redder colour, and by the sharper an- gulation of the anterior edge of the central fascia. The imago appears from end of June to middle of July, but not so commonly as L. Ribeana, and is generally distributed. The pupa is 5~-6 lines in length, of dark brown colour, most intense upon the dorsal region, particularly on the thorax. This state endures about fourteen days. The larva is full-fed about the middle of June, and varies from 10 to 12 lines in length, is of a bright green colour, the dorsal region darker, and with elevated shining spots. The head is green, semitransparent, and immaculate. The shield of same colour, sometimes immaculate, and at others with two or four small spots towards the base. The anal segment dotted with black punctures. 7. Ribeana, Hiib. Alls anticis testaceo-flavis (aliquando reticu- latis) fascia basi, altera media obliqua, maculaque costali postica, saturatioribus, bnmneo marginatis ; posticis fuscis. (S Exp. al. 7-9 lin. Head and face dull testaceous yellow, or inclining to brown. Eyes dull, intense purplish brown. Palpi : above, at sides, and between, same colour as the head, paler beneath. Antennas dull brown above and beneath. Thorax and patagia fuscous. Anterior wings dull pale brown, inclining to yellow, more or less streaked, reti- culated, and marked vrith fuscous. At the base is a patch, with its posterior edge nearly straight ; at the centre of the costa is a broad oblique fascia, which contracts on both edges shortly after its origin, then dilates, and proceeds to the dorsal margin, but again gradually and slightly contracting towards its termination ; that part of its posterior edge near the dorsal margin frequently indistinct. A semilunate patch is upon the costa near the apex ; the pale portions of the wing are marked with fine wavy transverse lines towards the base, and reticulated towards the apex. The edges of the prin- cipal markings are deepest in colom', and frequently bounded out- wardly with a paler Hue. Apical scales shining, fuscous. Cilia TOHTRTCINA. 49 paler, becoming dusky at the anal angle. Posterior wings dull fuscous. Marginal scales shining, fuscous with luteous bases. Cilia shining, pale grey. Abdomen fuscous, darkest towards the apex, straw-colour beneath ; the caudal tuft straw-colour. $ Exp. al. 9-lOilin. Antennae slender. Anterior wings marked and coloured as in the S • Abdomen, stouter luteous tuft at the apex. This is a very abundant and variable species, both in the ground-colour and in the markings ; and the variation ranges under three heads, viz. : L. Ribeana proper, where the ground- colour is as above described ; L. grossulariana, with the ground- colour pale testaceous yellow, and slightly darker markings ; and L. cerasnna, with the ground-colour like L.^rossulariana, but with the markings of dark brown, approaching to umber, and having the dorsal margin towards the base and middle much clouded with the same colour, but paler. The imago appears in June and July, and is generally distri- buted throughout the country. The pupa is from 5 to 6 lines in length, with the sides, wing-cases, and ventral portions pale brown ; the dorsal portion darker, with umber clouds and spots across the thorax. The larva feeds on many trees : Elm, Oak, Hazel, Peach, Bramble, Lime, Laburnum, Mountain Ash, &c., and may be found abundantly in May. It is of an olive-, or sometimes of a bluish-green colour; the dorsal vessel darker, with oval ele- vated black spots; the head is variable, sometimes black, with yellowish clouds, at others green, diaphanous, and with brown spots, streaks, or markings, and sometimes immaculate. The shield is green anteriorly, black at the base ; sometimes with a lunate black mark on each side of the dorsal division, and some- times immaculate. The anal segment is sometimes terminated by a large, horny, oval, black plate, at others pale green, irrorated with black punctures. 8. cinnamomeana, Treitschke. Alis anticis cinnamomeis, subreticu- latis ; basi medioque fasciis obliquis, macula costali ante ajncem pallide ferrugineis ; capite antennisque marts albidis ; posticis basi fuscogriseis ; apice subflavescentibus. c? Exp. al. 9-10 lin. Head ferruginous behind, pale fuscous on the vertex, whitish in front. Face white. Eyes intense purplish brown, with a velvety appearance. Palpi tmce the length of the head, white between, pale cinnamon -colour at the sides, whitish at base and beneath. An- tennae clothed mth pale luteous or straw-coloured shining scales especially the basal joint. Thorax pale ferruginous. Patagia eon- colorous with the thorax, but more glossy. Anterior wings red- J2 50 TORTRICINA. dish cinnamon- coloured, with a broad, obliquely margined, pale ferru- ginous patch at the base, followed by a similar coloured fascia, broad and slightly dilated on its posterior edge, shortly after its origin at the costa ; before the apex, on the costa, is a semilunate mark, most defined towards the base of the wing ; the apical region reticulated ; the edges of the basal patch, the central fascia, and the inner edge of the lunate mark are bounded by a pale Hue. Apical scales rich pale ferruginous. Cilia concolorous, merging into greyish at the anal angle. Posterior wings pale fuscous, with a greyish tinge at base, and a ferruginous hue towards the apex. Marginal scales fuscous at the anal angle, gradually assuming a ferruginous hue at the apex. Cilia shining pale grey. Abdomen pale fuscous, with a ferruginous tinge ; the caudal tuft pale fuscous. $ Exp.al. 10-12 lin. Head and face pale ferruginous. Palpi pale ferruginous at the sides and above, whitish beneath from base to near the apex. Anterior wings marked as in the c? , but warmer tinted, and the reticula- tion stronger. Posterior wings with the apex broadly and distinctly yellow. This species is very closely allied to L* Ribeana and L. hepa- rana, but is readily distinguished from either by the narrowness and rich cinnamon-colour of the anterior wings, and the more uniform width of the central fascia. The imago appears in June and July, among Beeches at Mickleham, Coombe Wood, Weybridge, Black Park, in Wor- cestershire, &c. ; but until the last few years was only of occa- sional occurrence : it is now in most collections. The pupa is 4|^ lines long, glossy chestnut-brown. The larva is green, darker above than beneath. Head yellow ; shield with a black mark round the hinder margin ; and has been bred from Larch and Maple by Mr. Thomas Boyd. 9. Corylana, Fabr. Alls anticis flavis brunneo reticulatis ; Hneis tribus obHquis distinctis rufis ; posticis griseis ; apice flavescenti- bus. S Exp. al. 9-10 lin. Head pale reddish yellow behind, straw-colour in front. Face straw-colour. Eyes intense pmplish brown, with a velvety appear- ance. Palpi twice the length of head ; above, beneath, and be- tween, straw-colour; at sides pale ferruginous, sometimes dusky. AntennsD straw-colour above, brown and pubescent beneath ; basal joint densely clothed above and beneath with straw- coloiu-ed scales. Thorax pale reddish yellow. Patagia of slightly deeper colour than the thorax. Anterior wings pale yellow, inclining to orange, streaked and reticulated with rich ferruginous brown ; near the base is an oblique streak from the costa to the dorsal margin, the space enclosed being more or less marked vaih. irregular lines, which do not attain TORTRICINA. . 51 the dorsal margin ; at the middle of the costa is an open fascia, formed by two prominent, undulating, oblique streaks, diverging shortly be- yond their origin, and attaining the anal angle. On the costa, mid- way between the central streaks and the apex, is a strongly defined streak, which is more or less produced in a zigzag course to the middle of the apical region, and sometimes even to the anal angle. The origin of the streak at the costa suffused with brown ; and the wing, beyond the basal streak, more or less reticulated, particularly towards the apex. Apical scales deep ferruginous brown. Cilia shining, slightly paler, and both merging into iron-grey at the anal angle. Posterior wings : superior margin white, base fuscous grey merging towards the apex, which is broadly pale yellow, with grey markings. Marginal scales grey, with luteous bases. Cilia paler. Abdomen pale fuscous, darker towards apex ; the caudal tuft pale grey or dirty straw-colour. $ Exp. al. 10-12 lin. Head and face unicolorous dull reddish yellow. Palpi above same colour as the head and face, at the sides somewhat darker, straw-colour beneath. An- tennae slender, pale brown above, and shining straw-colour beneath ; basal joint clothed with pale brown above, and straw-coloured scales beneath. Anterior wings marked and coloured as in the <S ; poste- rior mngs, with the apex, very broadly primrose colour, and speckled with grey, particularly on the superior margin. This species differs considerably in the intensity of the markings, but is not otherwise much subject to variation. One distinct variety, however, is known, and is in Mr. Edwin Shepherd's cabinet, and in our own. In these, the fasciae are almost want ■ ing, being only faintly indicated on the costa. The imago appears from the end of June to the beginning of July, and sometimes so late as the beginning of August, in tolerable plenty, and is generally distributed. The pupa measures 5^-6 lines in length; is of pale hazel colour, clouded with chestnut on the thorax. Remains in this state about fourteen days. The larva measures 10 lines in length ; when full-grown is grass-green in colour, with a darker dorsal vessel. The head is immaculate, pale green, with an olive tinge on the vertex. The shield is grass-green, with two small V-like marks near the base, on the vertex ; two others, crescent-shaped, near the sides ; two minute dots in front at the centre, and six more towards the base. The anal segment is opaque, pale green, coarsely dotted, and terminated by a coronet of eight rays. It feeds on Hazel, Dogwood, Ash, Wild Cherry, &c., folding the leaf longitudi- nally. e2 52 TORTRICINA. 10. transitana, Guen. Alls anticis fuscis ; striga basi subarcuata, fascia media obliqua maciilaque postica costali saturatioribus ; posticis fuscis. (S Exp. al. 7^-11 lin. Head and face dusky drab. Eyes intense purplish brown, with a velvety appearance. Palpi longer than the head, pale dusky brown above, slightly ferruginous at sides, straw-colour between. Antennae dusky brown above and beneath. Thorax dull, pale, fuscous. Pa- tagia dull, pale, fuscous. Anterior wings shining drab, irrorated with fuscous ; the markings dull brown, and thus disposed : — near the base is an undulating line, much curved towards the apex ; the space enclosed sometimes darker, at others the same as the ground- colour. At the centre of the costa commences a well-defined inter- rupted fascia, widening suddenly beyond the interruption ; before the apex, upon the costa, is a semilunate spot, more or less deve- loped in different specimens, and usually produced into a streak at its apex, which unites with the broad part of the central fascia. The basal portion of the wing thickly streaked with short, irregular transverse lines, especially along the costa ; the apical portion reti- culated. Marginal scales shining, but of a dull brown colour. Ciha shining di'ab, becoming grey at the anal angle. Posterior wings dull fuscous. Marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases, especially towards the apex. Cilia pale grey at the apex, becoming darker to- wards the anal angle. Abdomen fuscous, palest at the base ; the caudal tuft very pale fuscous, shining. $ Exp. al. 8-11 lin. In marldngs the anterior wings resemble those of the c^ ; but the colours are richer. Not an uncommon species, and varies considerably in size, in the ground-colour of the anterior wings, and in the intensity of the markings. Iil appearance it most resembles L. Rosana, but may be distinguished therefrom by the absence of the yellow colour at the tip of the posterior wings, and by the anterior wings being narrower: the chief distinction is the paleness of the ciliaj which in L. Rosana are cinereous or fuscous. The imago appears in June and July, and occurs generally throughout the country. The larva feeds on the Elm, and in the young shoots of the Willow and in the catkins. Family II. PLICATwflS. The chief characteristic of this group is the fold at the base of the costa of the anterior wings in the males. The length and character of this fold is various. The anterior wings are ample, and frequently the length ex- TORTRICINA. 53 ceeds twice their width; very varied in their colouring, and often bearing in the inner, or dorsal margin, a pale blotch, mostly white, or whitish, and differing in size and shape. Poste- rior wings usually very broad, frequently broader than the ante- rior pair. As in the preceding family, the larvse for the most part feed in folded, rolled, or united leaves. Some of the genera {Ha- lonota, Dicrorampha) are chiefly internal feeders, passing their preparatory states in the roots, stems, &c. of herbaceous plants. There are fifteen genera in this family, which may be arranged as in the following Table : — A. Anterior wings with the fold on the costa not closely appressed to the surface. a. Palpi with the middle joint three times the length of the apical 1. Lozotjenia. a a. Palpi with the middle joint more than three, but less than four times, the length of the apical 3. Ptycholoma. B. Anterior wings with the fold on the costa closely appressed to the surface. a. With the fold broad and rounded . . 2. Ditula. a a. With the fold narroiu. h. Palpi with the middle joint woi twice as long as the apical 12. Dicrorampha. b h. Palpi with the middle joint twice as\ 11. Halonota. lon^ as the apical J ^- P^disca. hhh. Palpi with the middle joint three \ ^Z ^^^ times as long as the apical . . . • 1 i k' p bbbb. Palpi with the middle joint more than three times as long as the apical . 13. Coccyx. bhhbh. Palpi with the middle joint nearly four times as long as the apical . 8. Phl^eodes. bbbbbb. Palpi with the middle joint 1 4. Notocelia. four times as long as the apical . • j 7. Lithographia. b bbbbbb. Palpi with the* middle joint | 5. Pardia. Jive times as long as the apical . . . J 6. Spiloi^ota. Genus I. LOZOTiENIA, Stephens. Palpi slightly longer than the head ; basal joint stout, pyriform, truncate, drooping ; apical slender, as long as the basal ; middle 54 TORTRICINA. stout, curved upwards, slightly thicker in the centre, diminishing towards the apex, densely clothed with short scales, three times as long as the apical. Maxillae longer than the palpi. Thorax stout, subglobose, not tufted behind. Anterior wings in the J not ex- ceeding twice the width, in the 2 more than twice the width. Costa : in the cS obtuse at base, and with a flap, or fold, extending from the base to the middle ; in the $ abruptly arched at the base. Apex produced slightly upwards ; apical margin concave below the apex. Anal angle obtuse and rounded ; dorsal margin straight. The discoidal cell is situated in the upper half of the wing, is elongate and slightly arching. The sixth apical nervure attains the margin considerably above the anal angle. Posterior wings : apex obtuse, apical margin concave, dorsal margin entire. Abdomen slender in the J , with a caudal tuft at the apex ; stout, obtuse at the apex, and without tuft, in the $ . A genus under this name was established by J. F. Stephens, for the reception of such species of the Linnsean genus Tortrix as are marked with oblique bands or fasciae across the anterior wings ; but in the present arrangement it is applied only to such of them as have the casta folded in the c? , the remainder being retained under the latter appellation. The habits of these insects are similar to those in the pre- ceding genus, both in the larva and imago state ; and they are equally abundant. In addition to the fold on the costa, the apex of the anterior wings is more produced and curved upwards than in Tort?-ix, besides there being considerable disparity in the markings of the sexes of the species included in the division b of the second section of the following Table. In repose, these insects sit very flatly on the plane of position, holding the wings but slightly deflexed. From the very broad bases of the anterior wings, they have much the appearance of a bell, and are called by collectors " Bell-moths." The larvse are exceedingly common and active in their move- ments when disturbed, wriggling and contorting their bodies in a very violent manner; they spin, fold, or roll themselves up in the leaves of their food-plants, and frequently assume the pupa- state in their larval habitations ; it is, however, not unusual for them to quit the food-plant, and spin up in others quite diff*erent, so that the mere finding of a pupa on a plant is not always a criterion that the larva has fed upon it. In this genus, as in Tortrix, it requires great experience to discriminate the larvse — their appearance, habits, and economy being so very simi- lar ; and to this circumstance we attribute the very little pro- TORTRICINA. 55 gress that has been made in the study of the early history of this interesting group. The European species are numerous, of which ten are found in Britain, and may be arranged as in the following Table : — A. Anterior wings with a small fold or flap beyond the base of the costa in the cS Species 1-2 B. Anterior wings with the costa in the tS folded at the base, the fold sometimes extending to the middle. a. Anterior wings with similar marhinys in both sexes Species 3-6 b. Anterior wings with the markings in the c? more complicated, and dissimilar to those in the $ Species 7-10 1. Sorbiana, Hiib. Alis anticis subochraceis ; basi fascia et media altera obliquis, maciilaque subtriangulari ante apiccm brunneis ; posticis fusco-cinereis. S Exp. al. 11-13 lin. Head tawny in front, inclining to ochreous behind. Face fuscous, becoming paler towards the palpi. Eyes intense purplish brown, with a velvety appearance. Palpi above the same, at the sides and be- tween dull ochreous, slightly paler beneath. Antennae clothed with pale brown shining scales ; basal joint pale brown above, and straw- colour beneath. Thorax pale fuscous. Patagia pale fuscous, but paler and more shining towards the apices. Anterior wings shining, tawny, finely reticulated with dull brown, and having a sHghtly darker oblique fascia occupying the base, followed by a central olive- bro"wn one commencing narrowly at the costa, contracting some- what in its course, then suddenly dilating at its hinder edge, which attains the anal angle — ^its anterior edge is nearly straight ; between the central fascia and the apex, on the costa, is a brown patch of semilunate shape, darkest on its anterior edge : this patch is some- times faintly produced, and mingles with the central fascia at its dilated angle, both together assuming the form of the letter Y ; the disk of the wing at the apex reticulated with brown. Apical scales short, yeUovsdsh. Cilia shining, straw-colour, and merging into grey at the anal angle. Posterior wings clothed with dull fuscous scales, on a pale grey ground, and with the apex narrowly yellow. Marginal scales grey, with straw-coloured bases. Cilia pale grey at the anal angle, merging into dirty- white towards the apex. Abdomen shiuing fuscous grey, darkest towards apex ; the caudal tuft shining, tawny. $ Exp. al. 13-14 lin. Anterior wings marked as in the S , but more distinctly, the colour richer, or Avith an ochreous tinge, and the reticulation more diffused. Posterior wings darker at the apex, and more suffused Avith a yellowish tinge. Marginal scales wholly straw- colour at the apex. Cilia pale grey at the anal angle, merging into .straw-colour at the apex. 56 TOllTRICINA. This species varies considerably in size, and somewhat resem- bles Tortrix Forstei^ana^ but is distinguished from it by its tawny hue and larger and more conspicuous spots. It occurs less sparingly than L. Forsterana. The imago appears in June at Darenth Wood, Epping Forest, Coombe Wood, in Cheshire, &c. The larva feeds on the Hazel, Birch, and Oak. 2. musculana, Hlib. Alis anticis griseis ; basi macula angulata, medio fascia obliqua maculaque costaU brunneis ; posticis fuscis. S Exp. al. 7-8 lin. Head fuscous. Face paler. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head ; above and at sides fuscous, paler at base, pale drab beneath and between. AntenuaB alternated with drab and brown. Thorax and patagia fuscous, the latter slightly paler at the apex. Anterior wings dull drab, marked and reticulated -with fuscous and brown ; at the base is a pale fuscous patch (sometimes obsolete or nearly so), Avith its posterior border angulated or rounded, and edged with castaneous brow^n. At the middle of the costa commences a lich golden-broAvn fascia, which dilates soon after its origin, occup}ing about twice the space upon the dorsal margin, is darkest and most sharply defined anteriorly, w^here it is also streaked and spotted with umber ; in the subapical portion of the costa is an imdefined, some- what triangular, fuscous cloud ; and sometimes below this are two undulating umber streaks produced towards the anal angle ; the pale portions of the wing more or less streaked or reticulated Avith brown, particularly the apical portion. Apical scales drab, alter- nated with patches of dark brown. Cilia glossy, tawny, and be- coming iron-grey at the anal angle. Posterior wings and marginal scales glossy, fuscous, with a bronze lustre, especially at the apex. Cilia pale drab. Abdomen rich fuscous, the caudal tuft tawny. 5 Exp. al. 9-10 lin. Anterior wings paler, and with the central fascia sometimes angulated and more suffused posteriorly. A common species, variable in size and in the intensity of its colours, particularly in the 5 . In appearance coming nearest to Tortrix transitana^ both in size and markings ; the central fascia, however, is more distinct j broader ^ and less interrupted. The imago appears in May amongst Brambles, and occurs at Darenth, Coombe, Birch, West Wickham, and Plumstead Woods, and other places in the metropolitan district, at the New Forest, in Cheshire, Somersetshire, &c. ; it also occurs in the vicinity of Edinburgh, and near Dublin and Enniskerry in Ireland. The larva feeds on the Bramble, between united leaves, and is full-fed about September ; it then spins a slight cocoon, and changes into pupa about November. TORTKICINA. 57 3. latiorana, Stainton, Ent. Ann. 1837, j). 100. Alis anticis stra- mineis ; fascia media obliqua maculaquc postica costali bnmneis ; posticis albicantibus. J Exp. al. 8-9 lin. Head and face ochreous, the former fuscous just above the eyes. Eyes black, slightly shining*. Palpi above, between, and at base be- neath ochreous ; sides and apex fuscous. Antennae above fuscous ; basal joint clothed ^^dth ochreous scales ; beneath paler ; the basal joint clothed with fuscous scales. Thorax and patagia ochreous. Anterior mngs shining pale ochreous, T\ith pale brown markings, the costal fold broadly fuscous at base ; at the centre of the costa commences a broad dilating fascia, narrowest and strongly marked at its origin, suddenly and widely dilating to the middle, and then con- tracting before attaining the dorsal margin : this fascia is suddenly pale and scarcely visible from the dilation to the dorsal margin ; the subapical dorsal patch is clearly defined and somewhat produced inwardly on its anterior edge ; a few faint maculations at the apex, xipical scales dull, pale ochreous. Cilia also dull, slightly paler. Posterior wings very jpale straw-colour, with a distinct fuscous margin. Marginal scales and cilia slightly darker. Abdomen and caudal tuft dull shining straw-colour. $ Exp. al. 8-9 lin. Altogether paler. Anterior wings immaculate, pale ochreous, slightly darker towards the apex. Posterior wings ^^ithout the fuscous edging, as in the ^ . First described in the * Entomologist^s Annual ' for 1837, p. 100, and " captured by Mr. S. Stevens in a salt-marsh at Southend in July.^' It much resembles L. semialbana, agreeing therewith in size and colour, but is much more variable as to the intensity of the markings, which are sometimes almost obli- terated ; the posterior wings, too, are unicolorous. It also comes near to L. costana, but is smaller, the markings less decided, and is without the satiny gloss so characteristic of this last- named species. In the cabinets of Messrs S. Stevens, H. T. Stainton, Edwin Shepherd, A. F. Sheppard, F. Bond, and others. 4. semialbana, Guen. (Modeeriana, Linn., Haw.). Alis anticis stra- mineis ; media fascia, maculaque postica ad costam brunncis ; posticis basi canis ; apice dilute stramineis. cS Exp. al. 9 lin. Head pale ochreous yellow. Face straw-colour. Eyes black, slightly shining. Palpi straw-colom\ Antennae straw-colour. Tho- rax and patagia pale ochreous. Anterior wings pale yellow ; at the base, on the dorsal margin, is a pale ochreous brown cloud ; the central fascia is broad, ochreous brown, deepest coloured on its ante- rior edge and towards the dorsal margin ; the anterior edge imdu- late, the posterior biangulate, and dilating in its course ; the semi- lunate spot near the apex, on the costa, paler than the central fascia, 58 TORTRICINA. with one distinct streak proceeding from it to the anal angle ; a few- slight reticulations at the apex. Apical scales shining yellow. Cilia somewhat paler, both becoming whitish at the anal angle. Posterior wings : the anal half pale ditshy, the costal half white ; the apex with a pale yeUow tinge. Marginal scales and cilia shining white. Abdo- men pale fuscous, the caudal tuft somewhat luteous. $ Exp. al. 8-|— 9 lin. Anterior wings coloured and marked like the S ; but the marks are very dilute and undefined. Posterior wings more dilute. A very rare and local species, but does not vary. The imago appears in July near Darenth, Mickleham, and at Bordeau Hangers, near Petersfield, Hants, at which latter place it was taken in July 1842 {vide ' Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist/ 2 ser. vol.v. p. 110). 5. costana, SchifF. Alis anticis maris stramineis, foeminoi ochraceis ; macula basi, altera postica costali fasciaque media brunneis ; posti- cis dilute griseo-stramineis, apice subreticulatis. S Exp. al. 8i-10 Un. Head pale ochreous on vertex, fuscous in front. Face fuscous. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head, above and between pale ochreous, fuscous at sides, darkest at apex; ochreous, sometimes straw-colour, beneath. Antennae straw-colour above, fuscous be- neath ; basal joint fuscous above, clothed with shining pale -coloured scales beneath. Thorax pale ochreous on vertex, slightly fuscous at sides. Patagia ochreous, dusky at base. Anterior -wdngs glossy straw-colour, sometimes pale ochreous, with brown markings ; the costal fold broadly brown at the base, followed by one or two streaks, and one or two brown spots near the middle of the wing at the base ; before the middle of the costa commences an angulated fascia, strongly indicated at its origin, usually becoming suddenly paler in its course to the dorsal margin, where it is more or less defined (sometimes this fascia is represented by a few broTsii spots near the costa, succeeded by an ochreous cloud and a dark mark on the dorsal margin) : the subapical costal patch is fuscous, maculated with dark brown, well-defined ; and the apical region of the wing more or less dotted. Apical scales dull straw-colour ; cilia also dull, and slightly paler, both merging into pale grey beyond the anal angle. Posterior wings dirty white at base, with a pearly lustre, at the apex slightly straw-colour, sometimes grey, and apparently maculated, from the fuscous spots beneath showing through. Marginal scales and cilia same colour as the wing. Abdomen and caudal tuft straw-colour or pale ochreous. $ Exp. al. 9-11 lin. Head, face, thorax, and patagia dull ochreous. Palpi dull ochreous, tinged with fuscous above and at sides, dull straw-colour beneath. Antennae duU ochreous (some- times fuscous) above, and fuscous beneath. Anterior Avings glossy dull ochreous, marked like the S , hut with fewer maculations at the TORTRICINA. 59 base and apex ; posterior wings of a pale brownish hue. Abdomen pale fiiscous ; the apex acute, and slightly ochreous. A very conspicuous species, varying considerably in the extent and colour of the markings, and somewhat also in size; allied to L. semialbana and L. latioranay but distinguished from either by the glossiness of the anterior and posterior wings. The imago appears in June and July, commonly in moist, marshy places, flying at sunset. The larva is polyphagous, but attached chiefly to low herbage. It has been found feeding on Epilobium hirsutum, Anudum phragmites, Cochlearia armoracea, Comarum palustre^ on various grasses, &c. It is dull, dark brown, with a black shining head, very active, and wriggles violently on the slightest disturbance. 6. unifasciana, Dup. Aiis anticis testaceo-rufis ; fascia media ob- hqua maculaque postica dorsali saturatioribus, obsoletis ; posticis griseis. d" Exp. al. 6|— 7-|- lin. Head testaceous yellow, with a reddish tinge. Face sHghtly darker than the head. Eyes somewhat shining, black. Palpi as long as the head, and of the same colour throughout. Antennae pale brown above, still paler beneath. Thorax and patagia same colour as the head. Anterior wings dull ochreous, with a shght reddish tinge, with pale reddish brown markings, and the apex reti- culated with some dusky markings on the dorsal margin ; the base is occupied by a broad, very obliquely bordered patch, slightly darker than the ground-colour of the wing, and terminating on the dorsal margin in a dusky spot ; at the centre of the costa commences a slender, oblique, faintly defined fascia, most apparent at the costa and at the anal angle, within which is another dusky patch ; on the costa near the apex is a semilunate brown spot. Apical scales shining yellow. Cilia paler, merging into grey at the anal angle. Posterior wings pale grey. Marginal scales shining, pale fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia shining pale grey. Abdomen fuscous, darkest towards apex ; the caudal tuft shining, and with a leaden tinge. $ Exp. al. 7-8 lin. Anterior wings of a redder hue, paler at the base, and without the markings as in the S . Abdomen with the caudal tuft smaU and luteous. The smallest British species of this genus : it varies consider- ably in size, and somewhat in colour. The imago appears abundantly among Privet in June and July, of which shrub the larva spins the leaves of the young shoots together, assuming the pupa state therein. 60 TORTRICINA. 7. fulvana, S(^hiff. ? Alls anticis ^naris ochraceis ; basi macula mar- gine dorsali elongata obliqua, fascia media lata irregiilari apice- que brunneis saturatis ; foemince testaceo-fla\is, biiinneo reticu- latis ; strigis tribus undulatis saturatioribus ; posticis basi cine- reis, apice auranteis subreticulatis. (S Exp. al. 8-11 lin. Head smoky purplish brown on vertex, ochreous over the eyes. Face smoky puj'plish bro"WTi. Eyes black, slightly shining. Palpi long as the head, dull browTi. Antennie duU brown, paler beneath. Thorax and patagia dull, reddish brown in front, somewhat paler behind ; the crest dark brown. Anterior wings of a dull, smoky- pink colour, with the apical region ochreous ; at the middle of the costa commences a deep brown oblique fascia, well-defined and nearly straight on its anterior edge, narrow at its origin, dilating posteriorly into a broad suffused patch, and narrowing again before attaining the dorsal margin ; the subapical costal lunate spot is in this species much widei-, not sharply defined, but suffusing with, and of the same colour as, or slightly paler than, the central fascia ; the basal portion of the wing towards the costa is clouded with pinkish brown ; and near the base of the dorsal margin is a reniform deep brown spot of a velvety appearance, edged with yellow scales, as is also the anterior edge of the central fascia ; on the apical margin is a black, somewhat wedge-shaped streak, preceded by another streak, brown and irregular in shape, falling into the apical margin towards the anal angle ; the apical portion of the wing reticulated. Apical scales and cilia variable, dull, in different specimens ranging from deep dusky brown to dull ochreous, sometimes ochreous tipped with brown, both becoming ochreous at, and dusky brown beyond, the anal angle. Posterior mngs dull fuscous at the base, with the apex broadly yellow and more or less speckled with dusky markings. Marginal scales fuscous at the base,yeUow at the apex,"vvith pale bases. Cilia dusky. Abdomen fuscous ; the caudal tuft fulvous. $ Exp. al. 10-13 lin. Head and face dull pinkish drab. Eyes dark brown. Palpi dull brown above, ferruginous at sides and beneath. Antennae dark brown. Thorax and patagia dull pinkish di^ab, the crest of the former concolorous. Anterior wings dull di^ab, with a rosy hue ; the whole surface, particularly at the apex, reticulated with chocolate- brown ; near the base is a curved line, followed by another before, and a third beyond the middle of the costa, both attaining the dorsal margin, the last often very irregular in its direction ; a fourth Hne runs along the apex, nearly parallel Avith the apical margin, followed by a curved wedge-shaped mark on the latter, of a black or dark browTi colour ; on the dorsal margin are two fuscous clouds, one near the base, and a larger one beyond the middle ; on the costa near the base is a fuscous patch, filHng up one of the reticulations, and beyond the middle the semilunate mark is present, its inner edge suffusing with the ground-colour of the wing. Apical scales and cilia dull, deep broAAU, with paler bases, both becoming ochreous at, TORTRICINA. 61 and dusky brown beyond, the anal angle. Posterior wings : the posterior half fuscous, with a yellowish tinge, the apical half rich yellow speckled with fuscous. Marginal scales at the anal angle fuscous, yellow at the apex. Cilia shining, the tips fuscous at the apex, pale grey at the anal angle, the remainder yellow. Abdomen fuscous, mth the apex rich yellow. This beautiful species varies considerably in size and colour. In some instances the ground-colour of the anterior wings is dark fuscous inclining to umber, and the markings of a velvety appearance; these constitute the var. L.fuscana of Linn., Fabr., Haw., Steph. The imago appears not very commonly in June and July. The pupa is 5^ lines long, fuscous beneath, and chestnut- brown on the dorsal region and towards the head. The larva feeds on the Oak, Bramble, Raspberry, Apricot, Rose, &c. When full-grown it is 10 lines in length, of a grass- green colour, with a darker dorsal vessel. Head rugose, shining, chestnut- brown. Shield greenish white at its anterior margin, merging suddenly into brown, and then into black at the base. The spots on the body are jet black and shining. The anal segment is rugose, pale green, and with a few small dark punc- tures on the surface. 8. Roborana, Hiib. Alis anticis fuscis ; basi macula margine dor- sali, altera magna angulata pone medium, striga costah postica brunneis fuliginosis; posticis griseo-fuscis, ad apicem flavicantibus. S Exp. al. 10-11 lin. Head and face duU, pale fuscous. Eyes slightly shining, intense purplish broAvn. Palpi as long as the head, pale fuscous above and at sides, paler beneath and between. Antennae pale fuscous above and beneath ; the basal joint beneath clothed with dull drab shining scales. Thorax and patagia pale fuscous. Anterior wings with a satiny appearance, pale fuscous, with a pale violet tinge ; at the base of the dorsal margin is a rich brown curved patch, truncate at its apex, followed by another in the middle of the wing, of similar colour, shaped somewhat like a vase, reaching the dorsal margin, but not extending to the costa ; towards the apex, on the costa, com- mences a curved wedge-shaped streak, broad at its origin, and termi- nating in a point on the margin above the anal angle ; on the apical margin is an obscure brown or blackish irregular streak ; the edges of the wedge-shaped streak, of the basal patch, and the anterior edge of the central mark are bordered with shining di-ab scales. Apical scales and cilia dull, pale fuscous, the latter slightly paler. Poste- rior wings fuscous. Marginal scales paler fuscous, with drab bases. Cilia drab. Abdomen and caudal tuft fuscous. $ Exp. al. 10-12 62 TORTRICINA. lin. Anterior wings dull, pale fuscous, but without the pale violet tinge of the (5* ; the curved patch at the base of the dorsal margin is here represented by an undefined dark brown spot ; the central fascia extends from the costa to the dorsal margin, nan^ow and rather faint at its origin, then dilating widely towards the middle, and afterwards gradually narrowing to its termination ; the curv^ed wedge-shaped streak near the apex, and that on the margin, as in the (^ ; the edges of all these markings are undefined, and ivithout the bordeHng of drab scales ; the pale portion of the wing is streaked transversely at the base, and reticulated at the apex ; apical scales and cilia dark brown, both becoming paler at the anal angle. Posterior wings fuscous, at the apex yellowish. Marginal scales fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia pale grey. Abdomen fuscous, the apex acute. This species resembles L. fulvana in size, but is distinguished by the absence of yellow colour, and by the angulated anterior edge of the central fascia in both sexes. It likewise very much resembles L, Xylosteana, but is larger, and the ground-colour of the anterior wings is darker, the marks more umbreous, and the pale lustrous edges of the markings, as in this latter species, are wanting. The imago appears in July, is somewhat local, and occurs but sparingly. It has been taken, by beating, out of Poplars, Aspens. Oak, Hazel, Birch, &c., at Darenth, Ardley, Swanscombe, and Wickham Woods, Shustoke, in Warwickshire, &c. 9. Xylosteana, Linn. Alis anticis griseo-testaceis, macula basi ; fascia media lata ad costam bifida, alteraque postica brunneis saturatis ; posticis griseo-fuscis, ad apicem flaveseentibus. S Exp. al. 8-8i. Head and face duU fuscous. Eyes black, shining. Palpi as long as the head, above pale fuscous, at the sides ferruginous towards the apex, yellow beneath. Antennae dusky brown, basal joint clothed beneath with pale shining scales. Thorax dull, pale fuscous. Patagia usually dull, pale fuscous, but with the base sometimes ferniginous, and the apex paler than the thorax. Anterior wings shining, dull, pale brown or fawn-colour ; near the base on the dorsal margin is a rich brown oblong patch, extending obliquely to the middle of the wing ; before the middle of the costa, commences the central fascia of the same colour, darkest towards the apex, regularly undulate on its anterior edge, and biangulated and dilating widely posteriorly, ultimately attaining the anal angle ; the projection nearest the costa tipped with black, or intense brown ; the usual semilunate patch on the costa towards the apex is of a quadrate form, extending nearly to the central fascia ; at the apex is a trigonate dark brown patch, followed by another paler one below, which is acute, and points to the apical margin ; the edges of the principal markings bordered TORTRICINA. 63 with shining yellow or drab scales. Apical scales shining, yellowish. Cilia shining, greyish at apex, becoming drab at the anal angle, and iron-grey beyond. Posterior wings fuscous, edged with yellow at the apex. Marginal scales shining, dark grey, at the anal angle fuscous with luteous bases. Cilia dark grey at the anal angle, paler at the apex. Abdomen and caudal tuft fuscous, the latter yellow beneath. $ Exp. al. 9-11 lin. Anterior wings marked as the c? , but with the anterior edge of the central fascia more distinctly un- dulate. Posterior wings sometimes broadly suffused with yellow at the apex. Abdomen fuscous, acute at the apex. A common species, varying somewhat in size, and much as to the colour and intensity of the markings, ranging from pale hazel to umber. The paler instances represent the Tortrix obliquana of Haw., and are of very rare occurrence. It most resembles T, Roborana, but is smaller, and may readily be distinguished from that species by the pale lustrous edging to the markings. The imago appears in July, is common in the metropolitan district, and generally distributed. Pupa 5 lines long, dark chestnut-brown above, paler beneath, with short isolated hairs sparingly disposed over the surface. This state endures from one to three weeks. Larva full-grown about the end of May, measures from 10 to 12 lines in length, is active, of a dull olive- or sea-green colour ; the spots white with black centres. The head is shining jet black. The shield has its anterior margin dead white, then softening into brown in the middle, and to black at the base. The anal segment with a conspicuous oval corrugated black plate. It feeds on Oak, Honeysuckle, Beech, Poplar, Sloe, Sycamore, Maple, Whitethorn, Ash, &c. 10. Rosana, Linn. Alis anticis maris retusis, fuscis (aliquando ochraceo-fuscis) ; macula basi marginis dorsalis, fascia media ma- culaque postica brunneis ; foeminoi subreticulatis lineolis biim- neis ; posticis basi griseo-fuscis, ad apicem flavicantibus. S Exp. al. 7-^ Hn. Head and face duU fuscous, with an ochreous tinge. Eyes intense purplish-brown, with a velvety appearance. Palpi as long as the head, fuscous above, slightly ferruginous at the sides and beneath. Antennae same colour as the head ; the basal joiut clothed with pale shining scales. Thorax and patagia duU fuscous. Anterior mngs shining fuscous, in some specimens with a purplish flush, particularly in the middle ; near the base is an abbreviated brown streak, cur\'ed out- wardly, and dilated considerably towards the dorsal margin; the central fascia also brown, nan^ow on the costa, dilating Avidely in its 64 TORTRICINA. course; its anterior edge is well-defined and unangulate in the middle, and attains the middle of the dorsal margin ; its posterior edge is undefined and suffusing, dilating suddenly in the middle, and contracting again at its termination ; the subapical bro^vn mark is quadrate, weU- defined, and from its apical angle proceeds a streak more or less distinct and regular, to the anal angle ; the plain por- tions of the wing streaked transversely towards the base, and reticu- lated at the apex ; extreme margin brown. Apical scales shining, slightly paler than the ground colour of the wing. Cilia shining, pale fuscous, both paler at the anal angle. Posterior wings fuscous, with a yellow cloud at the apex. Marginal scales grey at the anal angle, becoming fuscous (sometimes luteous), A^dth luteous bases at the apex. Cilia concolorous. Abdomen fuscous, with the apex paler. $ Exp. al. 7-10 lin. Anterior wings in general colour like the c? , but much more streaked, and reticulated with brown, and the markings smaller and less distinct ; the basal mark in the S is here replaced by a strong undulating convex line ; the central fascia faintly indicated by a small patch on the costa and a broad suffused cloud towards the dorsal margin ; the subapical costal mark is much smaller. Apical scales and cilia the same as the ground-colour of the wings, but paler at the anal angle, and again darker beyond. Posterior wings fuscous, with the yellow patch at the apex broader (in some specimens very broad) and more or less irrorated with fuscous. An abundant apecies, and subject to much variation in the colour and intensity of the markings. In general appearance it much resembles L. roborana, but is readily distinguished by its smaller size, and in the apex and anal angle of the anterior wings being less produced. It may readily be mistaken for L. transi- tana ; but the cilia of this latter species are pale, and the yelloiv colour on the tip of the posterior wings is wanting. The imago appears from the middle of June to the end of July. It is generally distributed. The pupa is 5 lines long, chestnut-brown in colour on the dorsal region, softening into dark hazel beneath. It remains in this state from fourteen to twenty-one days. The larva measures 9 lines in length, is dark olive-green, with a darker dorsal vessel and white elevated spots. The head varies from hazel colour to pitchy brown. The shield is white or bufF- colour in front, softening into dark brown or black at the base. The anal segment is grass-green, with pale punctures scattered over the surface. It feeds on Privet, Honeysuckle, Laurel, Ash, Alder, Sallow, and especially the Rose, the buds and leaves of which it devours, sometimes causing considerable mischief in rose-gardens. We have bred this species from larvae feeding on the Sea Buckthorn [Hippopho'e rhamnoides) . TORTRICINA. 65 Note. — Besides the foregoing ten species there is another [L. Piceana), of which a single specimen, a $ , is said to have occurred in this country at the New Forest many years ago : it was originally in the possession of Mr. Stone, from whom it passed into the collection of Mr. Bently, and ultimately to that of Mr. Edwin Shepherd, where it now is at present unique; but as its claims to rank as an indigenous species must be received with doubt, it is merely mentioned here provisionally, lest here- after it be admitted to our list. Upon the Continent it is a well-known species, and inhabits the Pine-forests of Germany, Sweden, &c., and in size and appearance much resembles L. fulvana. Genus II. DITULA, Stephens. Antennae in the S suhserrate and plumose, very hirsute in the $ . Palpi as long as the head ; basal joint moderately stout, curved, slightly narrowing and truncate ; apical stout, short, nearly globose, half the length of the basal, and very densely clothed with short scales ; middle joint three times as long as the apical, nearly straight, ascending, cylindrical, and scarcely stouter than the basal. Maxillae longer than the palpi. Thorax stout, subglobose, with a tuft behind. Anterior wings : length exceeding twice the width. Costa regularly arcuated in both sexes ; in the (S with a broad rounded fold at the base, which extends nearly to the middle. Apex obtuse. Apical and dorsal margins slightly rounded. The costal vein does not reach beyond the fold. The discoidal cell is situated in the upper half of the wing, and extends beyond the middle. There are Jive apical nervures, the first being /wrca^^ midway beyond its origin. Posterior wings : apex obtuse ; apical margin concave, dorsal margin rounded. Abdomen moderately stout in both sexes ; tufted at the apex in the c? . At present there is but one British species in this genus, which is separable from the Lozotasnics by the subserrate and plumose antennce, and the shorter rounded and appressed fold at the base of the anterior wings, and by the crested thorax. The middle joint of the palpi is only twice the length of the apical, whilst in Lozotcenia it is three times. In repose the wings are more defiexed. The habits of the larva are very similar. 1. angustiorana, Haw. Alis anticis fuliginoso-testaceis ; macula basi fasciisque obliquis saturatioribus ; posticis fuliginosis. <5 Exp, al. 6-7i lin. Head and face dull ustulated brown. Eyes black. Palpi as long as the head, dull ustulated brown, slightly paler beneath. Antennae F 66 TORTRICINA. brown ; basal joint clothed with ustiilated brown scales. Thorax ustulated brown in front and on the vertex, with a glossy leaden tinge, paler behind; the crest rich castaneoiis. Patagia ustulated brown at the base; the apical half paler. Anterior -wings dull dusky ochreous, with shaded brown markings. The costal fold ustu- lated and chocolate-brown ; base dusky ; on the dorsal margin is an oblique elongated patch of deep ferruginous, brightest at the apex. From the end of the costal fold to the dorsal margin pro- ceeds a wavy dilating fascia, usually angulated at the middle of its anterior edge, and deeply incised on its posterior border. Beyond is a second fascia, of rich reddish or chestnut brown, commencing widely on the costa, and narrowing in its course to the anal angle, and has its anterior margin deeply incised ; the apex of the wing pale ferruginous ; the chief markmgs are edged with slightly golden- lustred scales, and more or less speckled with umber or black, parti- cularly in the middle of the wing. The dorsal blotch, formed by the confluence of the markings, streaked faintly with pale ferru- ginous. Apical scales and cilia ferruginous, mixed with black ; the latter somewhat paler, and sometimes with a rosy tinge. Posterior wings rich purplish brown, darkest towards the margins. Marginal scales of same colour, with the bases paler. Cilia grey, sometimes Avith a fuscous, at others with a faint rosy tinge. Abdomen brown, the caudal tuft rather paler. $ Exp. al. 7-9 lin. Head, face, and palpi cinnamon-coloured, the latter slightly paler at the apex. Eyes black. Antennae, thorax, and patagia cinnamon-coloured ; the crest of the thorax castaneous. Anterior wings cinnamon colour, with ferruginous markings. At the base on the dorsal margin the deep ferruginous patch, as in the S , is replaced by a more oblique and more elongated pale ferruginous mark. The central and apical fasciae are as in the j , but pale ferruginous, the latter darker, and the central one not edged ivith golden lustred scales, hut the costa, between them, is broadly golden. Apical scales pale ferruginous. Cilia with a rosy tinge, both slightly paler at the anal angle. Posterior wings as in the c5* , but not so dark in colour. A very common species, variable both in size and colour. The imago appears in July and August. The pupa is 3 lines long, of a pale reddish-brown colour, and it remains in this state about fourteen or sixteen days. The larva is polyphagous, sometimes doing great mischief in gardens among fruit-trees, especially the Apricot. It seems also to be very partial to the Yew. It is 6 lines in length, of a green-drab, or yellowish-green colour. The head is polished, shining green, with a black mark level with and behind the eyes ; the shield is also green, its sides and posterior angle margined with black; on the vertex, near the base, are four Tniniite pale brown spots, transversely placed two and two. TORTRICINA. 67 divided by the dorsal liiie^ and at the base two larger and darker undefined markings. The spots are of a slightly paler colour than the rest of the body, elevated, and with the centres dark ; a luteous hair springs from each. Before assuming the pupa state it spins a slight cocoon of white silk. Genus III. PTYCHOLOMA, Leach. Head short. Eyes small. Palpi as long as the head ; basal joint very stout, curved, truncate ; apical minute, subglobose, not so long as the basal ; middle stout, curved, shghtly thickened in the middle, more than three times as long as the apical, densely clothed vnth. short scales. Maxillae short. Thorax stout, globose, not tufted. Anterior wings : length more than twice the breadth. Costa in the cJ broadly folded to the middle, and straight beyond ; in the $ re- gularly arcuated throughout. Apex obtuse. Apical margin truncate, oblique, and rounded ; dorsal margin straight. The costal vein does not extend beyond the fold. The discoidal cell reaches beyond the middle of the wing. Posterior wings : apex obtuse ; apical margin rounded ; dorsal margin slightly concave ; basal angle produced. Abdomen robust in both sexes, stoutest in the 5 ; apex tufted in thee?. There is only one species known in this genus : the singular furry appearance of the anterior wings is a peculiarity found in but few of the Toj'trices. The costal fold is broader than in LozO" tcEuia, and the rounded apical margin of the posterior wings is a distinctive character, and in the palpi it differs from that genus by having the middle joint more than three times as long as the apical, instead of three times only. 1. Lecheana, Linn. Alls anticis luteo-fuscis aut brunneo-obscuris ; medio characteribus 7'1, argenteis ; posticis bmnneo-fuliginosis. c? Exp. al. 6f-9i lin. Head varying from ochreons to fuscous, mixed with dusky scales over the eyes and behind the antennse. Face grey. Eyes black. Palpi varying from ochreous to whitish, frequently clrab. Antennae fuscous. Thorax vaiying from ochreous to fuscous. Patagia some- what paler. Anterior wings dull, with a furry appearance, the apical half obscure brown, the basal half paler, being more or less irrorated with ochreous scales ; on the disk are three silvery marks, together forming the figures 7'1 : these marks are more or less distinct in different specimens, and sometimes wholly wanting; sometimes the irroration of ochreous scales is ferruginous, and more or less over the whole wing. Apical scales dark brown. Cilia f2 68 TORTRICINA. ochreous (sometimes grey), iron-grey at the apical and anal angles. Posterior wings deep fuscous. Marginal scales deep fuscous. Cilia white. Abdomen dark fuscous above, pale grey beneath. 2 Exp. al. 6^91 lin. A common insect, subject to much variation in the colour of the anterior wings, and also in the size. The var. L. obsoletana, as figured in ' Wood^s Index Entomologicus/ pi. 3i. f. 1035, is very rare, and has the anterior wings of a dull smoky-black, in- clining to umber, with the silvery markings more numerous, and disposed over the surface in streaks and spots. The imago appears at the end of June and in July, in woody places, among Oaks, Elms, &c., throughout the south of England, and in the Midland Counties; in Scotland, in the vicinity of Edinburgh. The pupa is pitchy-black, and measures about 5i lines in length. The larva feeds on the Sycamore, Maple, Oak, Mountain- ash, Elm, and other trees. Genus IV. NOTOCELIA, Hub. Palpi twice as long as the head; basal joint stout, tmncate; apical minute, obovate, terminating in a point, not so long as the basal ; middle stout, cun^ed, ascenchng, thickest beyond the centre, four times as long as the apical. Maxillae slender, as long as the palpi. Thorax rather slender, ovate, not crested. Anterior ^^^ngs : length equals tAvice the breadth. Costa regularly arcuated in both sexes ; in the S with a fold ecctendiTig to the middle ; apex obtuse ; apical margin slightly concave, dorsal margin rounded. The costal vein does not reach beyond the fold. The discoidal cell extends scarcely beyond the middle of the Tving. The subcostal nervures are remote, the first being inserted near the base ; the submedian nervure inserted nearly opposite the second subcostal one. Posterior wings : apex obtuse, concave on the apical margin ; dorsal margin entire. Abdomen slender, and \\ith a tuft a/t the apex in the S ; stout in the ?. There is likewise only one known European species in this genus, which in the habit of the larva presents considerable pecu- liarities. It is minutely described below, and well figured with details in Fischer von Roslerstamm^s 'Microlepidopterologie,' pi. 91. By Guenee this genus is placed at the commencement of his 5th tribe {Sericoridi) ; but as it possesses a costal fold in form and quantity similar to that wliicli obtains in Pardia and Spilonoia, it is now brought in proximity to those genera. TORTRICINA. 69 1. Uduianniana, Linn. Alls anticis pallide-cinereis, olivaceo-fusco strigatis albocinctis ; macula siibrotimdata ad angidum analem castanea ; posticis fuscis. cS Exp, al. 7-9 lin. Head dull drab. Face drab. Eyes black. Palpi as long as the head ; drab above, fuscous beneath. Antennae pale fuscous. Thorax and patagia di^ab. Anterior mngs dull pale di-ab, with slightly- fuscous markings, and a chocolate- coloured triangular blotch on the dorsal margin. JN'ear the base on the dorsal margin is a slightly fuscous, oblique, and abbreviated fascia, edged narrowly with white at its posterior edge ; this is followed by a paler similar coloured mark, with a rounded border, extending from the middle of the costa to the tip of the dorsal blotch. The costa towards the apex is marked with four geminated drab streaks, and below them are two pale fuscous patches, extending to the apical margin. The dorsal blotch has its sides roimded, and is edged with whitish ; the pale portions of the wing sHghtly streaked with pale fuscous. Apical scales broAvn, with di^ab bases. Cilia glossy, pale brown, drab at the anal angle. Posterior wings dull pale fuscous, deepening slightly at the margins. Marginal scales slightly darker ; the bases drab. Cilia pale fuscous. Abdomen duU drab, tufted at the apex. $ Exp. al. 7-9 lin. The markings on the anterior wings darker. A rather common species amongst Brambles. Tolerably con- stant both in size and markings. The imago appears in June and July, and is distributed throughout the country. It occurs also in the vicinity of Dublin. The pupa is pale chestnut-brown, 5 lines in length, and en- closed in a white silken web. The larva feeds in the shoots of the Bramble and Raspberry, spinning together and much contorting the young leaves for a covering. It is sluggish and fleshy, of a dirty red-brown colour, 7 lines in length. The head is small, black, and shining ; labrum brown ; shield black, edged with brown at sides, and in front divided by a slender dorsal line. The warts or spots are oval, elevated, and chestnut-brown. Anal segment with a black oval patch edged with brown. Genus V. PARDIA, Guenee. ' Palpi longer than the head ; basal joint pyriform, drooping, curved, subtruncate; apical slender, obovate, not so long as the basal; middle stout, curved, ascending, thickest beyond the middle, Jive times the length of the apical, clothed beneath, at sides, and apex with long scales. Maxillae longer than the palpi. Thorax robust. 70 TORTRICINA. Anterior wings : length more than twice the width ; costa in the male folded to the middle and arcuated beyond ; apex obtuse ; apical margin concave ; dorsal margin rounded ; the discoidal cell proceeds three-fifths along the wing, the first and second subcostal nervures remote. Posterior wings : apex obtuse, apical margin concave. Ab- domen slender and tufted in the S , stout in the $ . This genus is separated from Spilonota by M. Guenee : it nevertheless presents no structural differences in the imago, nor do its habits vary. 1 . tripunctana, Schiff. Alis anticis albidis ; fascia basi margineque apicali fuscis obscuris ; ad angulum analem macula ocellari plum- bea, intra pimctis tribus atris ; posticis griseo-fiiscis. S Exp. al. 8i-10 lin. Head deep fuscous, ochreous behind the eyes. Face : above same colour as the head, paler below. Eyes black. Palpi yellow\ Antennae fuscous. Thorax and patagia deep fuscous. Anterior wings w^hite, with a deep fuscous streaky patch at the base, extending one-third along the costa ; its posterior edge leaves the costal margin in nearly a straight perpendicular line to near the middle of the wing, then recedes, and attains the dorsal margin with a concave curve ; a paler streaky fuscous cloud immediately succeeds this patch, to the middle of the costa, and two others below it, paler, one in the middle of the wing ; the other on the dorsal margin near the anal angle ; the apical half of the costa marked alternately with small and coarse spots ; a distinct eye-like mark at the apex, with a cloud extending more or less down the apical margin, all fuscous ; at the anal angle is a large ocellated patch, edged before and more widely behind with patches of lustrous leaden-coloured scales, enclosing a white space with three or four black spots or longitudinal stripes between the nervures ; at the apex are one or two lustrous leaden-coloured streaks. Apical scales very deep fuscous, with pale bases. Cilia shining deep fuscous, becoming white (sometimes grey) at the anal angle. Posterior wings pale fuscous, slightly darker at the apex. Marginal scales dark fuscous, wdth paler bases. Cilia pale fuscous, with the bases and apices w^hitish or straw-colour. Abdomen fuscous ; the caudal tuft straw-colour or subochreous. 5 Exp. al. 6^9 lin. This is a common insect in gardens, and also frequenting hedges. It varies somewhat in size, and slightly in colour. Of the size of Spilonota Roborana, and like it in general appear- ance, but distinguished by the slight It/ smoky appearance of the dark marks, and by the pale portion of the wings being less speckled. The imago appears in July, and is generally distributed TORTRICINA. 71 throughout England. Common in the south of Scotland. It occurs also in Ireland. The pupa is brown. The larva feeds on the Rose, Bramble, &c. ; it is of a ferru- ginous colour, with a black head. Genus VI. SPILONOTA, Stephens. Palpi considerably longer than the head, very densely clothed with long scales, especially towards the apex beneath ; basal joint short, stout, drooping, truncate ; apical minute, slender, obovate, hori- zontal, not so long as the basal ; middle five times as long as the apical, ascending, curved, stout, thickest beyond the middle. Maxillae longer than the palpi. Thorax moderately stout, ovate. Anterior wings : length exceeding twice the width ; costal fold extending to the middle; apex obtuse; apical margin concave; dorsal margin slightly rounded ; the discoidal cell proceeds three-fifths along the wing ; the costal vein does not extend beyond the fold ; first and second subcostal nervures remote. Posterior wings : apical margin concave. Abdomen slender, and tufted at the apex in the ^ , stout, with the apex obtuse in the $ . The extent of this genus is much more restricted than for- merly, in consequence of those species hitherto located in it, but not possessing the costal fold, being transferred to Anticlea, As a whole, they form a veiy natural group, and but few others, if any, are known upon the Continent. Of the four British species, those in Section A of the following table bear con- siderable resemblance to each other. In repose the wings are held much deflexed, but have a rounded loose aspect. A. Anterior wings with the basal patch more or less proditced or clouded along the costa Species 1—3 B. Anterior wings with the basal patch distinct, and not produced along the costa Species 4 1. Roborana, Schiff. Alis anticis albis, cinereo variegatis; fascia basi apiceque fuscis, ad angulum analem macula oceUari magna subplumbea, punctis brunneis nigrisque omata ; costa suharcuata albo nigroque obliqua strigata ; posticis griseo -fuscis. S Exp. al. 9-10 Hn. Head deep fuscous, ochreous over the eyes. Face same colour as the head. Eyes black. Palpi deep fuscous, paler between. Antennas fuscous browTi above, pubescent beneath. Thorax and patagia deep fuscous. Anterior wings white, shining : at the base is a deep fuscous streaky patch, extending nearly one-third along the costa, 72 TOllTRICINA. its posteiior edge imdulatcd and receding to the dorsal margin : this patch is followed on the costa bj a dark grey streaky cloud, more or less produced in streaks and patches to the dorsal margin, leaving on the latter a white sj)ace next the basal patch of greater or less ex- tent ; the costa is streaked obliquely throughout its whole course with deep fuscous to beyond the middle, the remainder with fuscous and white ; the apical streaks produced ; at the apex is a ferru- ginous brown eye-like spot, which is more or less continued down the apical margin ; the anal angle is occupied by a large ocelloid patch, enclosing two lustrous pale leaden-grey clouds, edged ^\dth white, with three or four black spots between ; at the inner part of this patch, near the dorsal margin, are two somewhat trigonate black spots edged wdth white, with an interrupted, curved, and irregular streak of same colour, forming its inner edge ; its exterior limit towards the apex is indicated by other black spots, intermixed wdth brown. Apical scales deep fuscous, with pale bases. Cilia brown, A\dth ochreous bases, both merging into white at the anal angle. Posterior wings clothed with pale fuscous scales (darker towards the apex) upon a grey ground. Marginal scales dark fuscous, with straw-coloured bases. Cilia with the middle grey, base and apex straw-colour. Abdomen shining fuscous, the caudal tuft dull straw- colour. 2 E^P- ^1- 8-10 lin. In general colour darker than the c? • A common insect, varying* in size and in the intensity of the colours of the markings. It resembles Pardia tripunctana, but is closely allied to Sp. Rosacolana. From the former it may be distinguished by the brighter colours and more speckled appearance of the anterior wings, and from the latter by the straighter costal margin, and the geminations upon it being coarser, and not so regular. The imago appears in June and July, in gardens and hedges ; common throughout the country, and in the vicinity of Dublin. The larva feeds in the shoots of the Sweet Briar {Rosa i-ubi- ginosa), Rose, &c., and spins the terminal leaves together. 2. Rosascolana, Doubleday. Alis anticis albis, cinereo variegatis ; fascia basi apicequc fuscis ; ad angulum analem macula ocellari magna subplumbea, punetis brunneis nigrisque omata; costa arciiata albo nigroque strigata ; posticis griseo -fuscis. ^ Exp. al. 8-9 lin. Head duU ochreous, inclining to brown. Face same colour as the head. Eyes black. Palj^i pale dusky ochreous, slightly paler be- neath. Antennae fuscous; basal joint clothed beneath with shining- scales. Thorax deep fuscous, with two transverse bands of grey across the vertex. Patagia deep fuscous at the base and apex, grey in the middle. Anterior wdngs white and shining, with fuscous and grey streaks and markings : the basal patch is deep fuscous, streaked TORTRICINA. 73 with grey ; its posterior edge convex and angulated ; the costa is streaked regularly throughout, of a fuscous colour at the base, be- coming browner and more distinct towards the apex ; the streaks themselves alternately broad and narrow, the apical ones produced, and the spaces between of a lustrous leaden tinge ; a brown spot at the apex ; towards the costa, and immediately succeeding the basal l^atch, is a leaden -coloiu^ed cloud, tinged with fuscous, and similar coloured streaks and markings proceed from the dorsal margin, which is marked also with fuscous ; at the anal angle is a large ocelloid patch, consisting of two enclosed lustrous, leaden-coloured clouds, mth a broad white space between, in which are three or four black spots : the borders of this patch consist of an irregular interrupted row of intense brown spots on a paler cloud, proceeding from the dorsal margin, and a curved streak of brown, spotted in the same manner towards the apical angle. Apical scales dark brown, mot- tled with pale bases. Cilia deep fuscous, both becoming white, clouded with pale grey at the anal angle. Posterior wings pale fuscous, slightly darker at the apex. Marginal scales pale fuscous, with still paler bases. Cilia very pale, with a fuscous tinge. Abdo- men pale fuscous ; the caudal tuft dull straw-colour. $ Exp. al. 9-10 lin. In general colour darker than the c? . This species is exceedingly like the preceding {Sp. Roborana), and was, until 1850, confounded with Sp. trimaculana(suffusana), when Mr. H. Doubleday described it, and pointed out its differ- ences : see the ' Zoologist ' for that year, Appendix, p. 106 : he says it is distinguished from Sp. suffusana by its larger size, and from that species and Rohorana " by the costa of the anterior wings being much rounded, and regularly and obliquely strigated with black and white.'' It is not an uncommon species in some seasons, and appears to be pretty generally distributed over the country. 3. trimaculana, Haw. Alls anticis albis, cinereo-nebulosis ; fascia basi apiceque fuscis ; ad angulum analem macula ocellari plumbea ; posticis fuscis. S Exp. al. 7-8 lin. Head deep fuscous, darkest on the vertex. Face darker than the head. Eyes black. Palpi deep fuscous, slightly paler at the base. Antennae fuscous, alternated with a paler shade. Thorax and patagia fuscous, mixed with greyish scales. Anterior wings wliite, with deep fuscous, brown, and grey markings ; at the base is a deep fuscous patch, mixed with white, darkest at its posterior edge, which pro- ceeds from the dorsal margin in a direct undulating slightly oblique course, not attaining the costa. The costa at the base deep fuscous, with darker streaks, its apical portion white, with alternate broad and narrow chocolate -brown markings ; a spot of this latter colour at the -apex ; below this and the subapical one is a similar coloured mark. 74 TORTRICINA. which diminishes to a point at the apical margin, and forms the boundary of the ocelloid patch at the anal angle : this patch is oval, of moderate size, and consists of two lustrous leaden-coloured clouds on a white ground, and very seldom with black spots between ; when present they are very minute ; its inner edge is bounded by a broad pale browTi cloud, arising from the dorsal margin, marked with iiTe- gular intense brown spots of variable shape. The central portion of the wing is clouded below the costa with leaden-grey and fuscous, and undefined markings of the former colour more or less diffused towards the dorsal margin, which is usually maculated with brown. Apical scales variable, but mostly of iron-grey, with their bases pale. CiHa slightly shining, smoky-grey, both becoming white, clouded with grey at the anal angle. Posterior wings pale fuscous, slightly darker at the apex. Marginal scales pale fuscous, with sub- luteous bases. Cilia grey, with a fuscous tinge. Abdomen pale fuscous, the caudal tuft dusky straw-colour. $ Exp. al. 8 lin. In general colour darker than the (5"; the basal patch attaining the costa. Allied to Sp. Roborana and Sp. Rosacolana, but distinguished from both by its smaller size, and the more suffused anterior wings : hence " suffusana " one of its synonyms. It is rather variable in the intensity of its markings, and is somewhat common. The imago appears in June and July, frequenting hedges and woods : is generally distributed in England. It occurs also in the vicinity of Edinburgh, and in Ireland. The larva feeds on the Whitethorn. 4. amGenana, Hub. ? Dup. Alls anticis pallide roseis ; basi fascia, media apiceque fuscis ; ad angulum analem macula ocellari tribus punctis atris ; posticis fusco-griseis. c? Exp. al. 8-9 lin. Head fuscous, darkest on the vertex. Face darker than the head. Eyes black. Palpi deep fuscous above, at sides, and beneath, paler between. Antennae fuscous, alternated with a darker shade. Thorax deep fuscous, mixed with greyish on the vertex. Patagia deep fuscous at the base and apex, greyish in the middle. Anterior wings : dull, cream-colour, suffused with rose pink, with deep fuscous and brown markings ; at the base is a deep-coloured patch, made up of fuscous, deep brown, and black markings, mixed with the ground colour, palest on the dorsal margin towards the base ; its posterior edge is darkest, angulated, and proceeds from the costal fold. The costal fold deep fuscous, streaked with a darker shade of brown ; the apical portion cream-colour, marked alternately with broad and narrow brown streaks ; the apical ones and the spot at the extreme apex produced, and uniting into a brown mark (spotted with black), which diminishes to a point, and ultimately attains the apical margin TORTRICINA. 75 above the anal angle. From the centre of the costa to within the anal angle proceeds an undefined and indistinct fascia, made up of pale ferruginous, brown, and leaden-coloured markings, the dorsal portion being spotted irregularly with black. The ocelloid patch is present, but very undefined ; it is of a cream-coloured ground, with two rose-pink clouds and minute spots between them ; the dorsal margin speckled with brown. Apical scales mixed, black and white. Cilia dull, mottled iron-grey and pale ferruginous brown, both be- coming delicate rose-pink at the anal angle. Posterior wings shining, clothed with coarse fuscous scales on a pearly ground. Marginal scales fuscous, with pale bases. Cilia shining, pale straw-colour. Abdomen pale fuscous, the caudal tuft slightly ochreous. 2 Exp. al. 8^9 lin. A comparatively new insect to the British list, being first recorded by Mr. Stainton in the 'Zoologist' for 1848, p. 1988. Variable in size and colour ; some specimens not so large as Sp. trimaculana, whilst others attain to dimensions as large, or even larger than Sp. Roborana. In general appearance it is like Sp. trimaculana, hut the cream and pink ground-colour of the anterior wings at once distinguishes it. The imago appears in July and August among Rosa spino- sissima not uncommonly. It seems to afi'ect the coast, having been taken at the Isle of Portland, at New Brighton in Cheshire, and on the coast of Cumberland ; it is likewise taken inland at Riddlesdown, Sanderstead, near Stoat's-nest, Boxley, near Maid- stone, near Guildford, &c. Genus VII. LITHOGRAPHIA, Stephens. Palpi longer than the head, clothed with long hairy scales at the sides, beneath, and at the apex ; basal joint stout, drooping, pyri- form, truncate ; apical as long as the basal, slender, obovate ; middle stout, curved, ascending, thickest beyond the centre, four times as long as the apical. Maxillae as long as the palpi. Thorax stout, subglobose. Anterior wings : length equals three times the width ; costa in the c? folded to the middle, arcuated ; apex obtuse ; apical margin concave ; dorsal margin slightly rounded ; the discoidal cell nearly isometric, extending three-fifths of the length of the wing ; the three subcostal nervures equidistant ; the costal vein not reach- ing beyond the fold. Posterior wings : apex obtuse, concave at the apical margin ; the median vein furcate at the apex. Abdomen stout in both sexes ; tufted in the c? • The same cause has operated in restricting the extent of this genus as in the preceding one, the remaining number of British 76 TOllTRICINA. species being only four. The wings are dellexed in repose, not very compressed to the sides, and have their apices undulately folded. The species may be arranged in the following order : — A. Anterior wings with the ground colour white, with grey or black streaks or markings a. without a coloured blotch on the dorsal margin . Species 1, 2 b. with a blotch, various in colour (sometimes pro- duced to a broad fascia) on the dorsal margin . Species 3 B. Anterior wings brown or ferruginous, w^ith a ivhite blotch on the dorsal margin (sometimes obH- terated) Species 4 1 , Campoliliana, Schiff. Alis anticis albidis, basi cinereis ; postice maciila caerulea atro-cincta in fascia nigra ; apice femigineo ; posticis fuscis, apice saturatioribus. cJ Exp. al. 5-6 lin. Head dirty yellowish white, with some drab scales over the eyes. Face somewhat paler. Eyes black. Palpi dirty yellowish white, with a few dusky scales at the sides near the apex. AntennaD fuscous, alternated with drab ; basal joint clothed mth drab scales. Thorax yellowish, mth grey transverse lines. Patagia yellowish. Anterior wings duU yellowish white, with dark fuscous, black, and ferruginous markings; the costa maculated with black along the fold ; below this, on the dorsal margin, are a number of dark fuscous streaks, more or less distinct, and produced, but never attaining the costa. At the middle of the costa is a deep fuscous mark, followed by alternated broad and narrow streaks to the apex, where is a feiTU- ginous eye-like spot, mth a white line below, mnning through the cilia. The anal angle is occupied by a large suffused fuscous patch, marked with black : in this is situated the ocelloid patch, consisting of two bright lustrous blue clouds, separated by a mark bearing the longitudinal black streaks. Apical scales black. Cilia shining, smoky black, A\ith white bases, both becoming W'hite at, and smoky black beyond, the anal angle. Posterior wings fuscous, deepest towards the apex. Marginal scales fuscous, with straw-coloured bases. Ciha white at the anal angle ; towards the apex pale grey, with the bases and tips white. Abdomen fuscous ; the caudal tuft drab. $ Exp. al. 5-6 Un. This insect varies in size, and slightly in the intensity of its markings, and is rather common. The imago appears in July in the metropolitan district, in hedges and woods, among Sallows. It occurs also in the north of England, and in Scotland. TORTRICINA. 11 2. cinerana, Haw. Alls anticis albidis ; basi macula rhombea nigra ; lineis obliquis cinereis ad costam praecipue ; apice puncto nigro ; posticis fuscis, apice saturatioribus. (S Exp. al. 6-7^ lin. Head hoary grey behind, mth a pale tawny tinge in front, and mixed with dusky scales behind the antennae. Face pale, tawny above, grey below. Eyes black. Palpi dusky grey, paler beneath and between. Antennae dusky grey ; basal joint clothed above with pale grey scales. Thorax iron-grey in front ; the vertex pale grey or di'ab, irrorated behind with iron-grey and drab scales. Patagia iron-grey at base, drab at the apex. Anterior wings dirty white or very pale drab, streaked and marked with umber scales having di^ab tips, giving the insect a hoary grey appearance ; at the base is a rhomboid mark, more or less intense, streaky, and having its outer edge darkest ; the costa is streaked throughout with oblique lines, those on the apical half alternately broad and narrow, the broad ones being produced, some of them uniting into a streak running down the apical margin ; the apical spot distinct. In the centre of the wing is an oblong patch, and above it a number of longitudinal streaks ; the dorsal margin faintly streaked transversely. The ocel- loid patch is indicated at the anal angle by two pale lustrous leaden- coloured streaks, divided broadly by an umber cloud, bearing the usual longitudinal black lines. Apical scales alternated broadly with drab and umber, with pale bases and greyish tips. Cilia alter- nated in same way, but paler, and both becoming whitish at, and darker again beyond, the anal angle. Posterior wings clothed with coarse pale fuscous scales, on a pale grey ground, becoming darker at the apex. Marginal scales pale fuscous, with still paler bases. Cilia whitish, with a pale fuscous tinge. Abdomen and caudal tuft pale fuscous, the latter dull. 2 Exp. al. 6-8 lin. This is a common insect in some places, and does not vary : it is very like the grey specimens of L, nisella, but always wants the coloured blotch on the dorsal margin ; it is also larger in size. Wood's figure (Ind. Ent. pi. 32. fig. 946) is a good representa- tion of this insect. This species, when viewed very obliquely, nearly in a plane level with the surface of the wings, shows a beautiful iridescence of a delicate violet colour. By some per- sons this insect is thought to be only a variety of the preceding -, but Mr. Foxcroft, whilst collecting at Rannock, took hundreds of L. cinerana, and not a specimen among them which could be referred to L. nisellaj or to any of its varieties. The imago appears in July and August, amongst Poplars and Aspens, in the metropolitan district, in the west of England, and in Scotland. 78 TORTRICINA. 3. nisella, Clerck. Alls antieis griseis ; lineis obliquis cinereis ni- grisque costalibus; margine dorsali maciila trigona nigra vel saturate fusca ; posticis fuscis, apice saturatioribus. d Exp. al. 6-6^ lin. Head fiiscous, mixed with drab scales. Face darker. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head, dark drab or brown, paler beneath. An- tenna) cinereous. Thorax and patagia fuscous, mixed with drab scales. Anterior wings dull, drab, obliquely streaked with fuscous lines, and a broad triangular fuscous patch upon the dorsal margin ; costa beyond the middle distinctly geminated, a fuscous spot at the apex ; the ocelloid patch with a leaden -lustred border. Apical scales dull, fuscous, with drab bases. Cilia dull, paler than the apical scales. Posterior wings fuscous, darker at the apex. Marginal scales fascous, with drab bases. Cilia drab, with a fuscous tinge. Abdomen fuscous ; the caudal tuft paler. $ Exp. al. 6-6^ lin. This richly-coloured and variable insect is not very common, although in some seasons it may be taken in plenty. The varieties are, inter se, tolerably constant, the named ones being L. Bceberana (that described above), L. Pavonana, L. rhombi- fasciana, L. petrana {cuspidana of Haw. and Stephens), and L, stictana. L. pavonana diifers from the type (Bceberana) in being less strongly marked, and in having the dorsal blotch shorter, rounder on its inner edge, and of a darker colour, approaching plum- colour. L. rhomhifasciana has an irregular rhombiform, dark-coloured patch at the base of the anterior wings ; the dorsal blotch is ferruginous. L. petrana, Hub. {cuspidana of Haw. and Stephens), has also a dark grey streaky patch at the base of rhomboid form, with a similar coloured, but rather paler cloud at the apex, the middle portion of the wing being rich ochreous. L. stictana : the ground colour of the anterior wings is of an ochreous red, with the base slightly darker, and a few streaks scattered over the surface. The imago appears in July and August throughout the metro- politan district, also in the north and west of England, the different varieties occurring at the same time and places. The larvse are to be found in the catkins of Sallows and Poplars. 4. Penkleriana, Schiff. Alls antieis albidis aut cinereis ; macula basi fascia media apiceque ruiis aut ferrugineis ; macula ocellari ad angulum analem subplumbea lincoHs atris longitudinalibus ; posticis fuscis, apice saturatioribus. S Exp. al. 6-6^ lin. Head fuscous, paler behind. Face pale fuscous. Eyes intense TORTRICINA. 79 purplish brown, with a velvety appearance. Palpi drab at base above, grey at the apex and beneath. Antennae brown. Thorax fuscous, with a reddish gloss. Patagia same colour as the thorax, duU at the base, the apex shining. Anterior wings glossy cream- colour, with fuscous brown and brick-red markings, with a pale blotch on the dorsal margin. The base is occupied by a patch, ex- tending one-third the length of the dorsal margin, from which it proceeds with a slightly oblique, nearly straight edge, to the middle of the wing ; at the dorsal margin and external edge its colour is umber-brown, becoming paler towards the base and the costa. At the centre of the costa commences a deep ferruginous brown fascia, which attains the anal angle, dilating inwardly along the dorsal margin ; the costal fold is dull drab, marked with oblique brown streaks. Beyond the central fascia the wing is suffused, and streaked with deep ferruginous brown, somewhat paler. On the apical portion of the costa are four cream-coloured geminations, all directed to a point in the apical margin below the spot at the apex. The ocelloid patch is suffused in its upper and lower edges with dull leaden brown, and at its sides with somewhat lustrous golden clouds ; the centre brown, bearing from three to five longitudinal black streaks ; the dorsal blotch is streaked with brown. Apical scales deep brown, with pale bases. Cilia iron-grey, with occasional streaks of brown, becoming fuscous at the anal angle, and iron-grey beyond it ; the apical scales and cilia both interrupted by a cream-coloured streak below the apical spot. Posterior wings glossy, deep brown, darkest at the apex, clothed with coarse scales. Marginal scales deep brown, with pale bases. Cilia shining, pale grey, with a fuscous tinge. Abdomen fuscous ; the caudal tuft dull drab. $ Exp. al. 6-7 lin. Marked like the c? ; in colour a trifle more sombre. Like the preceding species, very variable, both in the colour and in the intensity of its markings : it is somewhat similar in appearance to Anticlea trimaculana, but is readily separable from it by a light-coloured mark in the middle of the dorsal margin, by the basal patch being abbreviated, and not attaining the costa, and by its straight posterior edge. Some of the paler specimens are, however, more like Anchylopera Mitterbacheriana, with which it is sometimes confounded ; but this latter species does not vary, and has the apical portion of the wings more evenly coloured than is the case with L. Penkleriana. The imago appears commonly among Oaks, Alder, Hazel, especially the latter, in June and July. It occurs throughout the south of England, in Cheshire, and at Belfast in Ireland. 80 TORTRICINA. Genus VIII. PHL^ODES, Guenke. Palpi longer than the head, clothed with scales, especially above and beneath at the apex of the middle joint ; basal joint drooping, stout, pyriform, truncate ; apical slender, obovate, acute at the apex, not so long as the basal ; middle stout, curved, ascending, thickest towards the apex, nearly four times as long as the apical. Maxillae as long as the palpi. Thorax stout, subglobose. Anterior mngs : length eqvxxls three times the width ; costa arcuated, folded to the middle in the <S ; apex obtuse ; apical margin concave ; dorsal margin slightly rounded. The discoidal cell extends three-fifths along the wing ; the costal vein does not extend beyond the fold ; the subcostal nervures remote and equidistant. In some instances the subcostal vein divides, and forms a loop before the insertion of the second subcostal nervure. Posterior wings somewhat acute at the apex ; apical margin concave. The median vein furcate at the apex. Abdomen tufted at the apex in the c? , stout, and not tufted in the $ . In this genus there are at present only four British species, and one or two others are known upon the Continent. The perfect insects are of moderate dimensions, and tolerably uniform in size, but are variable in colour. In structural details they offer but little disparity to the preceding group. In repose the wings are much deflexed, but not held close to the sides of the abdomen. The four species above alluded to may be thus arranged :— A. Anterior wings with brown or blackish markings, and a pale blotch on the dorsal margin, and another at the anal angle Species 1-3 B. Anterior mngs with the blotch of various colours (in different specimens) proditced, or extending along the dorsal margin Species 4 1. tetraquetrana, Haw. Alls anticis griseis: fascia basi mediaque fuscis brunneo strigatis ; costa strigis geminatis albidis ; puncto apice subferrugineo, punctoque postico marginem dorsalem versus nigro ; posticis fuscis. S Exp. al. 6^7 lin. Head pale fuscous, paler behind. Face dull drab above, sometimes fuscous, whitish below. Eyes black. Palpi not so long as the head ; above pale grey at the base, at the apex and beneath dark grey. AntennsD dark brown, alternated vrith grey ; basal joint clothed with pale grey scales beneath. Thorax fascous or dull brown. Patagia paler. Anterior wings pale drab, much streaked with dark brown, fasciated, and marked with fuscous. At the base is a fuscous patch, darkest posteriorly, and streaked with brown and drab, especially towards the dorsal margin ; its hinder edge is angulated obtusely in TORTRICINA. 81 the middle, but is sometimes rounded. Beyond the basal patch the costal half of the wing is clouded with fuscous, and from the centre of the costa commences a broad fuscous, undefined fascia, which pro- ceeds obliquely to the anal angle, before reaching which it encounters a dark brown spot on its outer edge. The costa is maculated through- out, but just before the central fascia, and beyond it, to the apex, the markings assume the form of pale geminated streaks, with dusky lines between, which are more or less produced towards the apical margin. At the apex is a distinct eye-like spot of dull ferruginous. The ocelloid patch is not clearly defined, of slightly shining grey colour, irrorated with dusky atoms ; the pale portions of the wing streaked transversely with brown, more or less intense in different specimens. Apical scales (as well as the cilia) interrupted by a pale streak running through them below the apical spots, umber- brown, ^dth drab bases. CiHa dark dusky bro^Ti, with drab bases, merging into drab at the anal angle, and dusky or iron-grey beyond it. Posterior wings pale fuscous, becoming darker at the margins. Marginal scales fuscous, with drab bases. Cilia very pale drab, be- coming pale grey at the anal angle. Abdomen fuscous ; the caudal tuft dull drab. $ Exp. al. 6|-7 lin. In general colour richer than the c?. A common species and variable, both in the ground-colour as well as in the markings of the anterior wings. Much resembling Lith. ncevana, but readily distinguishable by having a dark spot beyond the middle of the wing, nearer to the dorsal margin than to the costa. The imago appears in April and May in woods, in the south and west, and north-west, of England. It occurs also in Ireland and in Scotland. The pupa is 3^ lines long, very acute at the caudal extremity, of a pale reddish brown colour. The larva feeds on the Birch and Alder : it is about 6 lines in length, with the head hazel colour, shining, and diaphanous, palest in front. The shield also hazel colour, darkest behind ; the body bright yellowish green, with oval whitish elevated spots, and two black points in each, marking the insertion of hairs. The anal segment with a round, white, opaque plate with a few punctures on the surface. 2. immundana, Fisch. v. R. Alls anticis albidis, aut fuscis ; fascia basi triquetra cinereo-fusca, punctoque postico brunneo marginem costalem versus ; posticis fascis apice saturatioribus. S Exp. al. 6-6| lin. Head dull brown. Face dusky brown above, white below. Eyes black. Palpi above and at sides fuscous ; beneath, at base drab, at ft 82 - TORTRICINA. apex dark grej. Antennae fuscous. Thorax dull brown, darker behind. Patagia dull brown at base, tips paler. Anterior wings dull pale drab, with umber brown and golden brown markings ; at the base is a large umber patch, streaky and paler inwardly, and extending one-third along the dorsal margin; its posterior edge sharply defined, directed obliquely outwards to the middle of the wing, where it encounters a brown cloud, which suffuses the whole of the costal portion of the wing. From the middle of the costa proceeds an undefined, broad, oblique, brown fascia to the anal angle, before attaining which, it is, in some specimens, slightly interrupted. This fascia, in conjunction with the basal patch, encloses a pale tri- gonate space on the dorsal margin, spotted and streaked transversely with brown, especially on the margin itself. The costa is streaked throughout, geminated in the apical portion. The apical spot is distinct, and sometimes there is a drab-coloured streak beneath it, which runs through the apical scales and the cilia. The ocelloid patch is small, and not clearly defined ; it usually is in the form of a pale space, enclosing two curved, slightly lustrous streaks, clouded between with brown. Apical scales intense brown, with pale bases, and sometimes tipped with grey. Cilia smoky black, speckled with brown, becoming paler at the anal angle, and iron-grey beyond it ; their bases grey. Posterior wings clothed with coarse rich bro^vn scales, deepest at the apex. Marginal scales fuscous, with straw- coloured bases. Cilia dull pale fuscous. Abdomen dull fuscous, the caudal tuft slightly paler. $ Exp. al. 6-6^ lin. Markings as in the <S , but slightly more distinct. Posterior wings pale fuscous, darkening towards the apex. Very nearly allied to P. tetraquetrana^hvii smaller, and usually darker in colour ; the anterior wings are narrower, and the patch at the base more sharply angulated in the middle ; the spot beyond the middle is less distinct, but in the same situation as in P. tetra- quetrana. The imago appears in April and May, and again in August and September, among Birches, but far from common. It occurs around London, at the New Forest, New Brighton, and the west of England, and in Scotland. According toM. Guenee,the pupa is to be found in a soft cocoon, above the earth. On the dorsum it is rufous, beneath luteous, with the anal termination quadrate, as in Diloba cceruleocephala. He also describes the larva as of a greenish grey colour, with the head testaceous : it feeds on the leaves of Betula Alba, rolling them up strongly into a cylinder, by silken threads. TORTRICINA. 83 3. Demarniana, Fisch. v. R. Alls anticis albis ; fascia basi media apiceqiie fuscis obscuris ; macula ocellari ad angulum analem ro- timdata alba ; capite albido ; posticis fuscis. (S Exp. al. 7 Hn. Head and face pale drab. Eyes black. Palpi above and at the sides slightly grey, whitish beneath. Antennae dull brown. Thorax dull brown. Patagia drab, with a dark brown mark on the shoulder. Anterior wings glossy white, with umber markings ; at the base is a streaky patch, extending one-third along the costa and the same distance along the dorsal margin ; its posterior edge is oblique from the costa to the fold, there forming an angle, and attains the dorsal margin in a nearly straight line ; an oblique fascia extends from the costa to the anal angle, with both its edges much angulated. The costa is streaked throughout, and beyond the central fascia are five geminations, all directed to a point below the apical spot, which is distinct, and has a white line below it, running through the apical scales and cilia. Below the costa, from the basal patch to the apex the wing is clouded v^dth dark brown or fuscous. The ocelloid patch is reniform, being impinged upon by a projecting angle of the central fascia, of white colour, with a transverse streak of brown running through, which is more or less marked with longitudinal lines ; the dorsal white blotch streaked with umber. Apical scales umber, with white bases. Cilia shining brown, with white bases, wholly white at the anal angle and iron-grey beyond it. Posterior wings clothed with fuscous scales on a white ground. Marginal scales fuscous, with straw-coloured bases. Cilia shining pale grey, the tips whitish. Abdomen fuscous ; the caudal tuft at the apex drab. $ Exp. al. 6-7 lin. This does not appear to be a variable species, and is rather uncommon : it is larger than its congeners, and much resembles the pale forms of Lith. nsevana, but the white portions of the anterior wings are much brighter. The imago appears in June and July, among Birches, at Darenth, Birch, West Wickham, and other woods ; in Cheshire, &c. 4. crenana, Hub. Alls anticis nitidis ; costa nigris, dorso albis ; costa strigis geminatis cinereis ; capite ochraceo ; posticis nitidis, fusco-griseis, apice saturatioribus. S Exp. al. 6-i— 8 lin. Head dusky ochreous. Face smoky black. Eyes black. Palpi iron-grey; the apex dull brown. Antennae black. Thorax and patagia smoky black, with two white spots behind on the former. Anterior wings glossy white on the dorsal margin and smoky black on the costa : these colours meet in the middle of the wing, and are bounded by an undulating edge from near the base to the apical margin, arching twice in its course, like Anchylopua hiarcuana ; the black colour is most intense at the middle of the wing, the remainder g2 84 TORTRICINA. being more or less freckled with shining iron-grey scales. The costa is maculated throughout, the markings towards the apex being geminated and of an obscure ochreous colour. The apical spot black and distinct ; the white portion of the wing speckled with black. Apical scales ochreous drab, speckled with black. Cilia of same colour, but paler. Posterior wings : at base pale grey, softening into dilute umber at the margins. Marginal scales dilute umber. Cilia very pale straw-colour. Abdomen smoky brown ; the caudal tuft dusky ochreous. A very rare, and at the same time a very variable species ; the dark or costal portion of the wing varies in intensity, from chocolate to umber, and the dorsal portion from white to dark dusky grey, sometimes of an ochreous colour. The instance above described has much the appearance of the semifuscana variety of Pcedisca piceana. The imago appears in March and April, and flies from 10 a.m. to 1 P.M. It was captured by Mr. T.Wilkinson of Scarborough (to whose kindness we are indebted for specimens of this insect), who took them near Scarborough among mixed growth ; but they seem most attached to the Sallows. "The larva is whitish, or pale green; the head pale brown. It feeds on Sallows and Wi\\oMvs.''—Ent.Ann. 1857, p. 119. Genus IX. PJEDISCA, Treits. Palpi longer than the head, densely clothed with scales, especially at the apex of the middle joint. Basal joint drooping, curved, pyri- form, truncate ; apical slender, much longer than the basal, sub- cylindric ; middle stout, club-shaped, thickest towards the apex, twice the length of the apical. Maxillae longer than the palpi. An- terior mngs : length equals three times the breadth." Costa arcu- ated ; in the c? folded to the middle ; apical margin truncate, ob- lique ; dorsal margin rounded. The discoidal cell extends two-thirds across the wing. The costal vein reaches the costa considerably be- yond the fold ; subcostal nervures remote ; the subcostal vein gives out a nervure midway between the first and second subcostal ones, which passes along the discoidal cell and attains the apical vein at the insertion of the second apical nei^ure. Posterior wings very broad ; apex subacute ; apical margin concave ; dorsal margin entire. Abdomen slender, and tufted at the apex in the c? , stout and obtuse at the apex in the $ . This is another genus much reduced in numbers, and the individuals comprised in it attain to dimensions beyond the average ; some of them are subject to considerable variation in TOKTRICINA. 85 their colours, and even in their markings, which formerly led to the amplification of species. The costa is much more arched than in Phlaodes. The wings are held in a deflexed position in repose. The British species are four in number, and are arranged in the following order : — A. Anterior wings brown, with a, paler blotch on the dorsal margin. a. With the blotch either obsolete, nearly so, or distinct, and extending along the dorsal margin . Species 1 b. "With the blotch always nearly obsolete . . . Species 2 c. With the blotch sometimes ivhite, sometimes darTc colour, and at others nearly obsolete Species 3 B. Anterior wings black, with no blotch upon the dorsal margin Species 4 1. Ficeana, Haw. Alls anticis subnitidis, piceis vel rufo-brunneis immaculatis ; posticis pallide fuscescentibus. S Exp. al. 8-9-|- lin. Head deep fuscous. Face darker than the head. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head ; above and at the sides, deep fuscous, drab beneath. Antennae fuscous. Thorax and patagia deep fuscous. Anterior wings glossy, unicolorous, deep fuscous or reddish brown, and immaculate. Apical scales deep fuscous, darker than the wing, with the bases slightly paler. Cilia same colour as the wing. Poste- rior wings with a glossy, pearly lustre, in certain Hghts showing a pale reddish-brown tinge. Marginal scales very pale brown, the bases straw-colour. Cilia with a pale reddish-brown tinge. Ab- domen fuscous ; the caudal tuft dull ochreous drab. $ Exp. al. 8-9| Hn. A common insect, and very variable in colour, which ranges from reddish brown to deep fuscous. The variation from the type may be ranged under the varieties Sordidana and Semi- fuscana. P. sordidana has the dorsal portion of the wing marked with deep fuscous, enclosing a blotch thereon. P. semifuscana is well figured in Wood, pi. 34. fig. 1031 ; also in Stephens^ ^Illust.^ vol. iv. pi. 36. fig. 1. All the inter- mediate shades between this last and the typical insect occur. The imago appears from June to September and October among Sallows and Willows, in marshy places ; also among Alders. It occurs at the New Forest, and in the metropolitan district ; also in the vicinity of Edinburgh. The larva feeds on the leaves of various species of Sallow, Salix caprcBaj &c., and upon the catkins. 86 TORTRICINA. 2. stabilana, Steph. MSS. Alls anticis pallide ferrugineis brunneo strigatis ; margine dorsali macula trigona promiscue notata ; posticis fusco-griseis. <S Exp. al. 10-11 lin. Head fuscous, sometimes ferruginous. Face same colour as the head. Eyes deep brown. Palpi longer than the head, fuscous, sometimes ferruginous. Antennae fuscous. Thorax and patagia fer- ruginous brown, the latter slightly darker. Anterior wings dull pale ferniginous, with umbroiis markings and streaks ; the costa marked throughout with pale geminations, the interspaces umbrous. On the dorsal margin, about one-third from the base, is an oblique umbrous streak, reaching half across the wing, most sharply defined posteriorly ; towards the anal angle is another similar, but paler, less defined streak, meeting the preceding one, which together enclose a triangular space somewhat paler than the rest of the Aving, which is finely streaked with umber. Apical scales and cilia dull fuscous, in- clining to ferruginous, and slightly mixed with umber. Posterior wings dull pale fuscous; at the base grey. Marginal scales and cilia dull, the former fuscous, "vvith the bases paler, the latter in- clining to ochreous. Abdomen glossy, dull drab ; the caudal tuft slightly ochreous. $ Exp. al. lOJ-ll^ lin. Very closely allied to P. solandriana, but wanting the glossy appearance of the latter insect ; it is somewhat larger, always of brown colour, varying but slightly inter se ; the costa more rounded, particularly of the S , where the curve is not disturbed by the costal fold, and the dorsal blotch is only slightly paler than the ground-colour of the wing. The posterior wings are unicolorous, that is, not slightly darker at the apex, as in Solan- driana. 3. Solandriana, Lin. Alis anticis paUidis, atomis minutissimis ru- fescentibus, macula oblonga undata brunneo -ferruginea ad margi- nem dorsalem ; posticis fusco-griseis. c? Exp. al. 9-10 lin. Head ochreous drab. Face slightly darker. Eyes intense brown. Palpi longer than the head above ; at sides and beneath ochreous drab, paler between. AntennaB drab. Thorax and patagia drab, the latter slightly ochreous at the base. Anterior Tvings sHghtly glossy drab, with a broad deep ferruginous patch upon the dorsal margin ; the costa and apical region slightly ochreous, and irrorated with dusky atoms. The dorsal patch occupies nearly the whole margin, is darkest on its anterior and posterior edges, and biarcuate on the edge towards the costa. Apical scales fuscous or ferruginous. CiHa paler. Posterior wings and marginal scales fuscous, the bases paler. Cilia straw-colour. Abdomen pale fuscous grey; the caudal tuft subochreous. $ Exp. al. 10-10^ lin. A very common insect, tolerably constant in size, but exceed- TORTRICINA. 87 ingly variable in colour. In some specimens the anterior wings are of the various shades of brown, with a white blotch ; others as above described, and all the intermediate varieties occur. The imago appears in June, July, and August, and occurs throughout the country, and in Scotland. The pupa is 4 lines long, enclosed in a silken cocoon spun up in moss, &c. ; is reddish brown at its anterior portion. The ab- domen pale dusky brown. The larva feeds on the Birch, Hazel, Sallow, and Willow; those feeding on the Birch roll the leaves into a cylinder at right angles to the midrib, and eat the internal portion. It is of a dirty white colour, with a slight shade of green ; is about 8 lines long, with a black, shining head ; the shield also black, divided by a pale dorsal line ; on the anal segment is a large, irregular, semilunate black patch, with an oval spot of same colour on the 12th segment. The spots on the body elevated, oval, and con- colorous. 4. ophthalmicana, Hub. Alis anticis nigris nebuHs atris ; maculis duabus in margine dorsali, una basim versus atra, altera ad an- gulum analem atroque ferruginea ; posticis fuscis. ^ Exp. al. 10-11 lin. Head smoky black or obscure ochreous brown ; the scales of the tuft tipped with grey. Face smoky black. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head ; above, at sides, and beneath, smoky black ; be- tween dull ashy grey ; terminal joint black. AntennaB smoky black. Thorax smoky black ; the tips of the scales grey, sometimes wholly obscure ochreous brown. Patagia smoky black at the base ; the apex with the tips of the scales grey. Anterior wings slightly glossy ; smoky black, wdth glossy leaden grey streaks at the anal angle and along the costa, which is obscurely marked with geminated streaks : these streaks are sometimes of an obscure ochreous colour, at others dark leaden grey. The apical spot is distinct, and streaky. On the dorsal margin near the base is an irregular black blotch, tinged with obscure ochreous, and within the anal angle, near the margin, is a roundish obscure ochreous spot, edged with black. Apical scales smoky black, with drab bases and grey tips. Cilia glossy smoky black at and below the apex, then paler, becoming drab at the anal angle, with pale grey tips. Posterior wings glossy pale umber, darkest towards the margins. Marginal scales umber, with pale bases. Cilia very pale grey, with a fuscous tinge. Abdomen glossy pale grey ; the caudal tuft greyish drab. $ Exp. al. 10^12 lin. Not a common insect : variable in the intensity of colour on the anterior wings, and also a little as to size. In general ap- pearance it resembles dark specimens of Retinia occultana, but 88 TORTRICINA. is at once distinguished from that species by the less fasciated markings, and the presence of the ochreous or reddish spot towards the anal angle. The imago appears from the end of Jnly to September, and occurs in the south of England, and in the Midland Counties. It frequents Poplars and Aspens. Genus X. CATOPTRIA, Guenee. Palpi longer than the head, densely clothed with slender scales. Basal joint drooping, stout, pyriform, truncate ; apical longer than the basal, slender, subcyhndric; middle ascending, stout, curved, thickest beyond the middle, three times as long as the apical. Max- illae short. Thorax ovate, not crested behind. Anterior wings : length exceeds twice the width. Costa regidarly arcuated ; in the (5" folded at the base ; apex acute, produced ; apical margin concave ; dorsal margin shghtly rounded. The discoidal cell reaches three- fifths across the wing. The subcostal nervures are remote, and be- tween the first and second is given out an internal nervure, which passes along the discoidal cell to the apical vein, which it attains close to the second apical nervure. Posterior wings very broad ; apex obtuse ; apical margin concave. The median vein sometimes simple and sometimes furcate at the apex. Abdomen slender and tufted in the c? , stouter in the $ . The insects comprised in this genus are very variable as to •size, some of the species attaining dimensions equal to the Padiscce, and others are very much smaller ; they are not, how- ever, liable to much variation as to colour or marking. When at rest, the wings are deflected, with the sides rounded as if enveloping the insect. The larvae may all be said to be internal feeders, but their habits are very little known. There are six British species, which are thus tabulated : — A. Anterior wings with a fulvous, fuscous, or dusky patch at the base on the dorsal margin .... Species 1-3 B. Ajiterior wings without a patch at the base on the dorsal margin Species 4-5 C. Anterior wings with the dorsal margin paler than the costa SjDecies 6 1. Scopoliana, Haw. Alis anticis basi marginis dorsahs fiilvis, lineis longitudinalibus nebulisquecinereo-fuscis; costa strigisobli- quis nitidis ; macula ocellari argentea lineolis atris ; posticis griseo- fuscis margine paululum saturatioribus. (S Exp. al. 8-8^ Hn. Head rich buff colour, inclining to ferruginous. Face paler. Eyes TORTRICINA. 89 black. Palpi longer than the head ; above, cream-colour ; at sides and beneath drab, between whitish. Antennae glossy pale fuscous. Thorax buff; streaked longitudinally with iron-grey or pale dusky. Patagia buff-feiTuginous. Anterior wings glossy, very pale drab, with fuscous and pale chestnut-brown markings, arranged somewhat longitudinally in streaks. The base of the wing is clouded with buff. In the middle of the dorsal margin is a pale patch, irrorated with iron-grey, preceded by three pale chestnut longitudinal streaks diminishing in colour towards the base ; posterior to the dorsal patch are one or two other, but faint brown streaks. The ocelloid patch is distinct, with a pale lustrous border, broadest anteriorly, and enclosing two (seldom three) longitudinal black lines on a pale ground. At the centre of the costa is an oblique pale fuscous streak, which is . produced to the middle of the apical margin, arching over the ocelloid patch ; beyond this streak are four very pale drab or buff geminations, with pale fuscous interstices. Apical scales and cilia very pale drab. Posterior mngs fuscous, palest at the base. Marginal scales fuscous, with narrow drab bases. Cilia dirty white, glossy. Abdomen glossy, fuscous; the apex drab. $ Exp. al. 9^10 lin. Anterior wings more suffused and darker than in the cS , the streaky appearance more apparent. Less abundant than the C Hohenwarthiana, but far from un- common : it is larger than that species, particularly the 2 • The imago appears in June and July among Thistles ; is distributed throughout the country, and occurs also in Scotland. According to M. Guenee, the larva is yellowish-white, and lives in the heads of Thistles — feeding on the seeds — and sometimes it burrows into the root^ where it changes into pupa. 2. fulvana, Steph. Alis anticis subfulvis, maris pone medium strigis numerosis obliquis costalibus ; macula subocellari subargentea, punctis atris; posticis pallide fuscis, margine saturatioribus. c? Exp. al. 10-lOi lin. Head and face pale drab. Eyes intensely brown. Palpi longer than the head ; pale drab, with a few darker, somewhat ochreous scales at the sides. Antennae dusky drab. Thorax and patagia pale drab, with a sHght ochreous tinge. Anterior wings dull, buff or pale ochreous, with slightly darker clouds, and pale lustrous streaks, beyond the middle on the costa. The dorsal half of the wdng is clouded with pale dusky ferruginous, with a slightly paler irrorated patch in the middle of the dorsal margin. The ocelloid patch is distinct, with a pale slightly lustrous border, broadest anteriorly ; the space enclosed is pale drab, marked with three interrupted longi- tudinal black lines. The costa is scarcely maculated to the middle ; beyond are six or seven produced pale lustrous geminations, with the interspaces first fuscous, then buff towards the apex : these gemina- 90 TORTRTCINA. tions become simple, and are produced obliquely to a point in the margin below the apex. Apical scales drab, the cilia paler, both inclining to ferruginous towards the apex. Posterior wings and marginal scales pale fuscous, the bases of the latter di-ab. Cilia grey, palest at and towards the apex. Abdomen glossy grey ; the apex drab. $ Exp. al. 10-101 lin. Anterior wings darker than in the (S , arising from a streaky irroration of iron-grey scales, and the costa is streaked throughout. In the Museum Catalogue this species is merged into C. Ho- henwarthiana, although formerly considered distinct; and we think, after a careful investigation of a series of both species, it should be restored : hence its insertion here. It differs from C. Hohenwarthiana in being a larger, paler, and plainer insect in both sexes, and is tolerably constant. The imago appears in August, and occurs in the same localities as the preceding, particularly at Headley Lane near Mickleham, but less commonly. 3. Hohenwarthiana, Schiff. Alls anticis cinereis, basi medioque fusco-rufis, macula dorsali angulari cinereis, ultima lineolis atris ; costa pone medium strigis fuscis albidisque obliquis ; posticis griseis ; apice fuscescentibus. S Exp. al. 8^9 lin. Head drab, sometimes approaching pale ferruginous, palest on the vertex. Eace paler. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head ; above cream-colour ; at the sides and between greyish or drab ; be- neath drab. Antennae fuscous. Thorax and patagia pale ochreous drab, sometimes approaching pale ferruginous. Anterior wings glossy ochreous drab, with pale fuscous clouds, and slightly lustrous drab streaks on the costa beyond the middle. At the middle of the dorsal margin is a pale obhque blotch, streaked or irrorated with iron-grey, preceded towards the base by a darkish cloud, which softens as it recedes. At the anal angle is a distinct ocelloid patch, which is large, oval, and bounded by a dull leaden-lustred border, broadest anteriorly ; the enclosed space drab, and bearing three interrupted longitudinal black lines. Before the middle the costa is pale drab, and scarcely maculated ; beyond are five lustrous drab, produced geminations, with dark fuscous interspaces ; the geminations become simple, and are then directed to a point in the margin below the apex. Apical scales drab, mixed with black, and inclining to ferru- ginous towards the apex. Cilia paler. Posterior w^ngs and margi- nal scales grey, the latter with di-ab bases. Cilia drab, with a leaden gloss. Abdomen glossy grey ; the apex drab. 5 Exp. al. 7-9 Hn. Anterior wings darker, but marked like the (S , and the costa is streaked throughout. A very common insect^ varying in size and colour. It is TORTRICINA. 91 closely allied to C ScopoUana, but is usually somewhat smaller, and mostly without the pale ferruginous patch which is present in the latter species towards the base in the dorsal margin. The imago appears in July and August among Thistles, and occurs throughout the metropolitan district, and other parts of England ; it likewise occurs in the vicinity of Dublin. 4. parvnlana, Wilkinson MSS. Alis anticis nitidis, fuscis ; strigis costalibus albidis geminatis ; macula ocellari lineis longitudinalibus atris ; posticis fuscis. Exp. al. 5-|- lin. Head drab. Face paler. Eyes intense brown. Palpi drab above, the sides shghtly dusky. Antennae fuscous. Thorax and patagia pale fuscous, mixed with drab. Anterior wings glossy fuscous, with drab streaks ; tolerably uniform in colour, but slightly darker at the apical region. On the costa beyond the fold are five shining drab geminations, the last of which is w^hitest and most produced, all directed to a point midway down the apical margin. The ocelloid patch is small, distinct, oval, drab, shining, and with longitudinal black lines within. Apical scales with the bases whitish; the middles fuscous, and the apices grey. Cilia shining fuscous ; in some lights iron-grey. Posterior wings fiiscous. Marginal scales and cilia drab. Abdomen fuscous ; the caudal tuft drab. § Exp. al. 5^6 lin. Ee- sembles the c? , with the markings somewhat more distinct. This species was captured by Mr. Bond last summer (1857) in the Isle of Wight among mixed herbage. It is the smallest known species in this genus, and in appearance resembles C, ccBcimaculanaj but it;s colouring is more evenly disposed, and is scarcely more than half the size. 5. csecimaculana, Hub. Alis anticis albidis fusco multi-strigatis ; macula dorsali et ad angulum analem dilutioribus ; costa strigis albidis geminatis ; posticis cinereis. $ Exp. al. 8^10^ hn. Head and face yellowish drab. Eyes intense brown. Palpi longer than the head ; above, beneath, and between, drab ; at the sides, with the base and apex, dusky. Antennae drab. Thorax and pata- gia drab, streaked with fuscous. Anterior wings dull drab, densely clouded, and streaked with fuscous, sometimes with an ochreous tinge ; the costa pale umber. On the dorsal margin is an indistinct pale patch, in form somewhat like the " bird's-head" mark in Pcecilochroma corticana. At the anal angle the ocelloid patch is large, but of irregular and undefined figure ; pale anteriorly ; its borders slightly lustrous, and the longitudinal black lines are very sparingly indicated. On the costa are about seven pale drab lustrous gemina- tions, widening as they approach the apex ; the interspaces pale umber. The geminations beyond the middle become simple, and are 92 TORTRICINA. produced into oblique streaks, directed to a point in the apical margin below the apex. Apical scales drab, thickly speckled and black. Cilia drab. Posterior wings with a subdued gloss, fuscous, and a greyish tinge, palest at the base. Marginal scales fuscous, the bases drab. Cilia di^ab, with a fuscous tinge. Abdomen fuscous ; the apex yellowish drab. 2 Exp. al. 8|— lO-J lin. Not very commonly distributed ; varies in size and colour, and is abundantly distinct from any of the preceding. In dimen- sions it approaches nearest to C. Scopoliana, but is darker, and more speckly in its markings. The nearly total absence of lon- gitudinal markings in the ocelloid patch is the best character by which to distinguish it from its alhes. The imago appears in July and August among mixed herbage, mostly upon the chalk. It occurs rather commonly at Headley Lane, Mickleham ; also in Sussex. 6. expallidana, Haw. Alls anticis ad costam rufo-fulvis ; margins dorsali pallide ochraceis ; macula ocellari subargentea lineolis atris ; posticis fusco-griseis. S Exp. al. 7^8^ lin. Head slightly ochreous on the vertex and behind ; pale yellow in front. Face whitish. Eyes black. Palpi as long as the head, di^ab, at the sides inchning to grey. Antennae pale fuscous. Thorax and patagia pale ochreous, sometimes primrose colour. Anterior wings dull ; pale ferruginous brown on the costal, and pale ochreous yellow or primrose on the dorsal half. The costa is ochreous towards the apex, and is marked with geminations before and beyond the middle; those towards the apex being produced and slightly lustrous ; the line of demarcation between the dark- and light-coloured portions proceeds straight to near the middle, then arches sHghtly, but broadly, finally encountering the ocelloid patch, which is of moderate size, of primrose colour, and with a pale brassy lustred border, and two longitudinal black lines within. A few small dusky marks are sometimes visible on the extreme dorsal margin. Apical scales pale ochreous, mixed Avith dusky scales. Cilia pale ochreous or primrose, paler at the anal angle. Posterior wings grey, with a violet tinge at the base, merging into pale fuscous at the margins. Marginal scales dusky ochreous, with pale bases. Cilia di-ab. Abdomen fuscous ; the apex pale ochreous. Not a common species, tolerably constant in size and colours, considerably smaller than C. Scopoliana, and distinguished from the rest of the genus by the pale dorsal portion of the anterior wings. The imago appears in July flying at sunset on grassy banks, and among clover. It occurs near Loudon, also in Gloucester- shire and Worcestershire. This species comes to light. TORTRICIxNA. 93 Genus XL HALONOTA, Stephens. Palpi slightly longer than the head. Middle joint densely clothed with scales, partly enveloping the apical one. Basal joint drooping, stout, pyriform, truncate ; apical slender, subcyHndric, much longer than the basal ; middle ascending, moderately stout, curved, thickest beyond the centre ; tmce as long as the apical joint. Maxillae longer than the palpi. Thorax robust, ovate, sometimes crested. Anterior vrings : the length equals twice the Avidth. Costa slightly arched beyond the fold in the d" , and regularly so in the $ . Apex obtuse. Apical margin concave ; dorsal margin sHghtly rounded. The costal vein does not extend beyond the fold. The discoidal cell proceeds two-thirds along the wing ; subcostal nervures equidistant. Posterior wings : ample, acute at the apex ; apical margin concave ; dorsal margin entire. Abdomen in the S slender, and tufted at the apex ; stouter and obtuse in the $ . Formerly a genus of much larger extent than at present, owing to the structural details not being sufficiently observed, although still containing many species, forming a very natural group. Their dimensions are very varied, are mostly of dark colours, and for the most part having a pale blotch (sometimes more than one) on the dorsal margin. The larvse are chiefly, if not wholly, internal feeders, living in the stems and roots of herbaceous plants; they are sluggish, stout, and of various colours. The British species are nine in number, and are thus tabu- lated : — A. Anterior wings with two distinct pale or white blotches on the dorsal margin Species 1 B. Anterior wings with one distinct pale or white blotch on the dorsal margin Species 2 a. With the blotch irregularly quadrangular . . Species 2-6 h. With the blotch sleinder, produced, and. angulated Species 9 C. Anterior wings with the hlotch scarcely different from the ground-colour of the wings .... Species 7-8 1. bimaculana, Donovan. Alis anticis ruiis brunneo-strigatis ; maculis duabus rotundatis stramineis (Foem. albis) paUide fusco- strigatis, quarum posticam format speculum angulo anali ; posticis fusco-griseis. S Exp. al. 8-10 lin. Head and face deep umber. Eyes black. Palpi : above deep umber ; at the sides rather paler, except at the apex ; beneath and between obscure ochreous. Antennae deep fuscous. Thorax and patagia deep umber ; the latter with the apices cream-colour. An- terior wings dull; umber mixed with shades of brovm, and two cream-coloured blotches on the dorsal margin. The dark portion of 94 TORTRICINA. the wing is chiefly deep umber mixed with streaks of chocolate brown towards the apex, and the whole superposed with obscure and slightly lustrous blue streaks ; the apical half of the costa is marked with from four to five dusky pale geminated streaks, fol- lowed by the apical spot, which is distinct ; at the middle of the dorsal margin is an irregularly angulated cream-coloured blotch, its outer edge streaked with chocolate brown, more or less distinctly. At the anal angle is a larger rounded blotch of a richer colour ; this is the ocelloid patch, and consists of two broad pale and slightly lustrous streaks, with a fulvous cloud between. Apical scales umber, with cream-coloured bases. Cilia ferruginous brown, with the bases paler. Both the cilia and the apical scales become pale cream- colour at the anal angle. Posterior wings clothed with coarse dusky fuscous scales. Marginal scales fuscous grey, with pale grey bases. Cilia pale grey. Abdomen shining, fuscous grey; the caudal tuft ochi^eous drab. $ Exp. al. 8-lOilin. The dorsal spots white or whitish. By no means a common species. It varies a little, both in size and colour. Much resembles Phlceodes Demarniana, but is larger, and the posterior edge of the basal patch towards the dorsal margin is oblique, and directed towards the apex, whereas in P. Demarniana it is straight. The imago appears from June to September among Oaks and in heathy places. It occurs throughout the metropolitan district, and is generally distributed over England. It has been taken also at Loch Messen, and in the vicinity of Edinburgh, but sparingly; and in Ireland. 2. trigeminana, Steph. Alis anticis fuscis, transverse undulato- strigatis; macula irregulari quadrata albida ad basim marginis dorsalis, medio altera majore ; costa pone medium strigis geminatis albis; posticis fuscis ; foem. saturatioribus. S Exp. al. 6-7 lin. Head duU yellow, fuscous on the vertex. Face yellow, paler below. Eyes black. Palpi as long as the head ; above, and at sides, yellow- ish at the base ; fuscous at the apex ; pale drab beneath ; whitish between. Antennae fuscous. Thorax and patagia fuscous, alternated with transverse bands of dull yellow. Anterior wings dull white, marked, fasciated, and streaked with rich golden-bro^vn and lustrous markings. At the base are a few transverse abbreviated streaks of umber- colour, followed by an abbreviated fascia of golden brown, streaked with umber, commencing on the dorsal margin, and ex- tending two-thirds across the wing in a straight direction towards the costa ; its posterior margin undulated. From the centre of the costa to within the anal angle proceeds the central fascia, both edges angulated, of golden-brown colour, darkest towards its termination : this fascia and the basal markings, by their divergence, leave a TORTRICINA. 95 white space of irregular figure, more or less streaked with fuscous ; the apical region suffused with fuscous. The costa before the middle is pale fuscous, with darker markings, and beyond is golden brown, with four shining white geminated streaks, which are produced into slightly violet lustrous markings ; apical spot distinct, with a small white spot below it ; below these is a golden -brown cloud. The ocel- loid patch is distinct, of ii-regular figui'e ; the two enclosed lustrous clouds are divided by a broad ochreous patch, streaked longitudinally with black ; some white patches at the anal angle. Apical scales fuscous, with the bases and tips white. Cilia shining fuscous, slightly paler at the anal angle. Posterior wings pale fascous, darker at the apex. Marginal scales and cilia fuscous grey, the latter slightly paler. Abdomen fuscous ; the apex paler. 2 Exp. al. 6-7-J lin. In colour much more beautiful and less suffused than the (S ; the golden brown is here of a rich purplish brown, and very glossy, the pale portions of the wing lustrous. The basal patch is continued to the costa ; the central fascia dilated on the dorsal margin, and the space between losing the form of a blotch, and appearing as a pale fascia ; the lustrous streaks below the apical costal markings more brilliant, as are also the lustrous markings of the ocelloid patch. Posterior wings darker. This beautiful and distinct species is far from common, nor does it appear subject to variation. In size it resembles H. tetra- gonantty but is readily distinguishable from that species and its congeners by the distinctly fasciated anterior wings, especially of the ?. The imago appears in June and July, and is generally distributed throughout England. It occurs also in Scotland. The larva is said to feed on the bark of the roots of Ragwort {Senecio Jacobaa), 3. Cirsiana, Zeller. Alls anticis brunneis obscuris ; nebulis et stiigis cinereis cseruleisque impositis ; macula quadrata pallide flava medio marginis dorsalis ; costa strigis geminatis albis ; macula ocellari ad angulum analem albicante, punctis atris ; posticis nigro- brun- neis. S Exp. al. 6^8 lin. Head deep umber ; obscure ochreous behind and over the eyes. Face deep umber. Eyes black. Palpi as long as the head ; deep umber; slightly paler beneath. Antennae deep fuscous. Thorax deep umber, streaked transversely with dull ferruginous brown ; the crest intense umber. Patagia dull ferruginous brovm, and at the middle alternated with deep umber ; the extreme apex drab. Ante- rior wings dull cream- colour ; the whole wing, except the dorsal blotch, suffused with umber, chocolate, and ferruginous brown mark- ings, the latter, at the apex, thickly superposed with lustrous blue dashes, especially before and beyond the middle ; the base of the 96 TORTRICINA. costa is dusky brovm, maculated with umber, and four, sometimes five, cream-coloured, geminated streaks, each blending, and produced into oblique lustrous blue lines, directed towards the apical margin ; the apical spot distinct, with one or two cream-coloured spots below. The ocelloid patch is pale at the anal angle, large, oval, and distinct, consisting of two lustrous blue clouds, with a pale brown dash be- tween, marked with three or four black dots or longitudinal stripes, edged inwardly with cream- colour. The dorsal patch iiTegularly quadrate, with one or more markings in the margin. Apical scales umber, tipped with pale grey. Cilia smoky black, alternated with ochreous before the middle of the margin, and ochreous, mixed with iron-grey, at the anal angle. Posterior wings pale umber. Marginal scales darker, with straw- coloui'ed bases. Cilia fuscous, with the bases and apices straw-colour. Abdomen umber ; the caudal tuft ochreous drab. $ Exp. al. 6^8 Hn. Marked as the ^ , but the ground-colour paler, and the speckling of the markings more distinct. Not an uncommon insect, but tolerably constant in size and colour. Very like H. scutulana, and scarcely distinguishable from it, except that its dimensions are much smaller. The imago appears in June and July, and occurs throughout the country ; also in the vicinity of Dublin. The pupa is 4|^ lines in length, of a dark brown colour, and remains in this state about three weeks. The larva lives in the stems of Thistles [Cirsium palustre) , and of Centaurea nigray feeding upon the pith. It is somewhat smaller than the larva of H. scutulana, but not otherwise distin- guishable from it. When about to assume the pupa state, it spins a cocoon of white silk, mixed with the debris of the pith of the food-plant, first gnawing a hole through the stem to effect its exit. It lives through the winter, and changes to the pupa about May. 4. scutulana, Schiff. Alis anticis brunneis obscuris, nebuhs cine- reis coeruleisque impositis ; in medio marginis dorsahs macula quadrata pallide flava ; costa strigis geminatis albidis ; macula ocellari ad angulum analem albicante, punctis atris; posticis nigro -brunneis. S Exp. al. 7^9 hn. Head deep rusty brown, inclining to ochreous behind the eyes. Face slightly darker than the head. Eyes black. Palpi as long as the head ; above and at sides dark fuscous ; beneath and between dull drab. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax umber, streaked trans- versely with obscure ochreous-brown. Patagia obscure ochi'eous- brown at the base, alternated with umber ; the tips dark drab. An- terior wings dull cream-colour ; the whole of the wing, except the costal streaks, ocelloid patch and dorsal blotch, suffused with in- tensely dark markings, chiefly in shades of brown. At the base. TORTRICINA. 97 extending one -third along the costa, and rather more along the dorsal margin, is a transversely streaked patch, with an undulated sharply -defined edge ; its colour umber on a deep fuscous ground, and speckled with cream-colour in the middle. From the middle of the costa, and joining to the basal patch, proceeds a broad, similarly- coloured oblique central fascia (discernible only in certain lights), terminating within the anal angle ; its edges not shaiply defined, and before attaining the dorsal margin it encounters a conspicuous and irregularly-formed black spot with a pale border. The apical region is clouded with ferruginous brown and fuscous, and the costa is marked with four cream-coloured geminated streaks before the apical spot, which is distinct, and below it are a few cream-coloured freckles ; the costal streaks blend and merge into lustrous blue ob- lique lines, and below them is a curved row of black spots, which is continued down the middle of the ocelloid patch : this latter is large, oval, and distinct, formed of two lustrous blue clouds, and the afore- said black spots, which are edged with white. The dorsal blotch is of irregular shape, and marked with two or more black spots or streaks upon the margin. A few faintly lustrous dull dark blue dashes, especially on the costa and towards the apex. Apical scales umber, with whitish tips. Cilia : at the apex umber, then ochreous, becoming paler at the anal angle. Posterior wings and marginal scales dark fuscous ; the latter with straw-coloured bases. Cilia straw-colour, wdth the middle pale fuscous. Abdomen with the caudal tuft ochreous. $ Exp. al. 9 lin. Marked like the c^ , Init much darker in colour, and the light parts of a paler tinge. A common species, and varies both in size and colour, but not very materially. It is scarcely separable from H.cirsiana, except that it is always larger. The Ephippiphora novana of M. Guenee appears to be a large variety of the (S of this species : it expands 10 lines, is more acute at the apex of the anterior wings, and paler on the dorsal margin, where there are two large, distinct, pale rounded blotches, one in the middle, the other at the anal angle ; this latter is in fact the ocelloid patch, and is marked trans- versely with three or four black spots, or short longitudinal streaks. Fig. 902 of pi. 81, in Wood's ' Index Entomologicus,' represents this variety. The imago appears in June and July, and is generally distri- buted throughout England and the south of Scotland; also in the vicinity of Dublin. The pupa is 5 lines in length, of a dark brown colour, and remains in this state about three weeks. The larva feeds in the stems of Thistles, and may be found in the pith throughout the winter and spring, up to April and May, when it goes into pupa ; it forms a rough cocoon of the H 98 TOUTRICINA. gnawed pith and white silk. In its younger states it feeds in a kind of covered way ; when full grown it is 7 lines long, of a bright pink colour, paler beneath. The head is black, heart- shaped, shining. The shield, black, shining, with the fore margin pale, divided by a dorsal line. The anal segment has a black, shining, oval plate, and six elevated spots preceding it. The in- tervening segments each with eight brown, oval, shining, elevated spots, each bearing a single hair springing from their centres. 5. BrunnicMana, Schiff. Alis antieis cinereo-fulvis nebulosis ; macula media marginis dorsalis trigona straminea ; costa strigis geminatis albicantibus ; posticis nigro-bnmneis. cS Ex. al. 7-9 Hn. Head fuscous, paler behind. Face paler than the head. Eyes black. Palpi tawny, slightly paler beneath. Antennae fuscous. Thorax and patagia dull brown, with an ochreous tinge ; the latter slightly paler at the apex. Anterior mngs dull, cream- coloiu'. The whole of the wing, except the costal markings and the dorsal blotch, suffused with dull ochreous, mottled with fuscous ; at the base the costa is alternated with dull ochreous and fuscous, and beyond the middle it is marked wdth four cream-coloured geminated streaks, with lustrous blue wavy lines below them. The apical spot is distinct, and below it are one or two cream-coloured marks. The dorsal blotch is cream-colour ; its anterior margin sharply defined, and its posterior edge somewat angulated, and usually with a faint mark on the margin. Between this blotch and the ocelloid patch is a dark liturated spot ; the ocelloid patch itself is oval and distinct, con- sisting of two pale lustrous blue clouds, with a row of black spots between, on a pale ground. Apical scales mottled brown, with ochreous tips. Cilia ochreous, slightly paler at the anal angle. Posterior wings and marginal scales rich pmplish brown ; the bases of the latter straw-colour. Cilia rich straw-colour. Abdomen umber, the caudal tuft ochreous. 5 Exp. al. 8-9 lin. In colour somewhat darker than the c? , and with the markings assuming a more decided character. A very common insect, variable in size, and particularly in the intensity of the colour of the anterior wings. Its ordinary dimensions are those of H. cirsiana, and the colour ranges from pale drab to fuscous. It resembles H. tetragonana, but is larger, usually paler in the anterior wings, and the blotch on the dorsal margin larger and more quadrate. The variety quadrana is the ordinary Scotch form of this insect, which is usually smaller, and always much darker than the deep -coloured English specimens. The imago appears from June to August, commonly among Coltsfoot (Tussilago Farfara), and also in other places where that TORTRICINA. 99 plant does not grow. It is generally distributed throughout England and Scotland; it occurs also in Ireland. The larva feeds in the flower-stems of the Coltsfoot. 6. tetragonana, Steph. Alls anticis fusco-nigris brunneo-nebulosis ; postico plumbeo vel caeruleo variis ; macula medio marginis dorsalis subquadrata alba ; posticis fuscis. c? Exp. al. 6|— 7 lin. Head fuscous. Face slightly paler below. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head ; above and beneath drab, at base ; the apex grey; sides grey. Antennae fuscous; basal joint clothed beneath with light- coloured shining scales. Thorax and patagia fuscous, slightly glossy ; the latter paler at the apex. Anterior wings glossy, with a white dorsal patch, the remainder of the wing suifused with dark brown and still darker streaks and lustrous blue markings. The base is occupied by a dark brown patch (dull fuscous at its origin), streaked transversely, and most intense on its posterior edge, which is angulated in the middle ; it extends one-third along the costa, and two-fifths along the dorsal margin. At the middle of the costa commences the central fascia ; it is narrow at its origin, and somewhat curved in form ; its edges indistinct, and dilates on the dorsal margin towards the base. The apical spot is preceded by four geminated streaks upon the costa ; below these the wing is streaked longitudinally with intense brown, mixed with lustrous blue and red- orange markings. The ocelloid patch formed of two lustrous blue clouds, wdth black spots edged with orange, between. The dorsal blotch maculated on the margin with fuscous. Apical scales umber. Ciha dusky brown. Posterior wings deep reddish brown. Marginal scales reddish brown. Cilia dark grey. Abdomen fuscous. A rather uncommon species, and not subject to variation ; in general appearance it much resembles H. cii^siana, but is smaller ; the dorsal blotch is not so prominent, and more triangular. It is the same size as H. trigeminana. The imago appears in July, and occurs throughout England, and also in the vicinity of Edinburgh. The larva is from 6 to 6^ lines in length, and may be found in the autumn, full-fed, under moss on the boles of beech-trees in a loose cocoon. In colour it is pale drab, or dirty white, with the spots slightly darker. Head deep hazel-colour. Shield yellowish. It hybernates and goes into pupa in the spring. 7. turbidana, Treit. Alis anticis cinereo- fuscis ; brunneo-nebulosis ; costa strigis geminatis cinereis ; posticis fuscis. S Exp. al. 10 lin. Head tawny drab. Face paler. Eyes black, shining. Palpi long as the head, fuscous, darkest at the apex. Antennae fuscous. Thorax drab. Patagia drab, sometimes tawny, or dull ochreous. Anterior H 2 100 TOliTKlCINA. mngs di'ab, or pale fuscous, marked and streaked with fuscous. At the base, and extending one-third along the dorsal margin, is a streaky patch, mth its edge oblique, directed towards the apex and towards the costa, softening off into the ground-colour of the ^^dng ; within the anal angle is a large, somewhat acutely triangular blotch, of the same colour as the basal patch. The folded part of the costa is dusky, and beyond the middle are five geminated streaks, which are more or less produced; the apical spot is distinct, and in the apical angle is a curved fuscous cloud. The ocelloid patch is dusky, with a brown streak maculated with brown running through it. The pale portions of the wing are thickly streaked with dusky, short, wavy, transverse lines. Apical scales and cilia fuscous and drab, speclded with darker brown. Posterior wings clothed with fuscous scales, darkest at the apex. Marginal scales fuscous, Avith straw- coloured bases. Cilia pale fuscous, with whitish tips. Abdomen shining, dark fuscous, the caudal tuft slightly ochreous. 2 Exp. al. 11 lin. In colour darker and more suffused than the (S . This species is still somewhat rare in cabinets : it was first introduced into the British list by Mr. R. F. Logan {vide Zool. p. 2034^), where it is figured and described. In size it varies considerably^ the 5 attaining the dimensions of H. fcenella : in colour it mostly resembles H. Brunnichiana, but without the pale dorsal blotch. It likewise is very similar to H. inopiana, but is darker coloured, and of larger size. The imago appears in June and July fiying among the Butter Burr {Tussilago Petasites), in the stems or roots of which plant the larva probably feeds. It has been taken in Devonshire, at Carlisle, and the north of England; also in the vicinity of Edin- burgh. It flies at from four to five o^clock p.m. ; the j however is mostly at rest ; they secrete themselves in the dead leaves. 8. inopiana, Haw. Alis anticis ochraceo-rufescentibus, fusco-sub- reticulatis ; posticis fusco-cinereis. ^ Exp. al. 9 lin. Head tawny. Face slightly paler. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head. Antennae drab. Thorax tawny, the crest bifid. Patagia tawny, irrorated with brown scales. Anterior wings dull, tawny, irrorated throughout with dusky brown scales. The costal and dorsal margins (especially the former) finely macidated with brown. Apical scales tawny, irrorated with brown. Cilia paler. Posterior wings grey, clothed with coarse fuscous scales. Marginal scales fuscous, Avith paler bases. Cilia pale grey, with a fuscous tinge. Abdomen fuscous, with a large ochreous tuft at the apex. $ Exp. al. 9-10 lin. Still rare in cabinets, although a common insect in some places among Fleabane [Inula dyscnterica). It is tolerably con- TORTRICINA. 101 staiit in size and colour. It is most nearly allied to H. turbi- dana, but smaller, and never so darkly coloured. The imago appears in July, and occurs in the west and south- west of England, New Forest, near Folkestone, Dover, and Deal ; at Darenth, Ripley, and a few other places ; but always attached to the above-named plant, in the roots or stems of which the larva is supposed to feed. 9. foenella, Linn. Alis anticis obscure bnmneo-fuscis, postica ad angulum analem cinerea, macula dorsali tibialiformi alba ; posticis fuscis. c^ Exp. al. 10|-11 lin. Head drabby brown. Face paler above, white below. Eyes black, sometimes purplish brown. Palpi as long as the head, drab above, beneath and between, darker at the sides. Antennae dull fuscous, paler beneath ; the basal joint is clothed with shining scales. Thorax fuscous, the crest rich chocolate. Patagia same colour as the thor&x, but slightly paler at the base. Anterior wdngs rich chocolate-brown, with an immaculate white, curved marking on the dorsal margin, in shape like a bird's head and neck, with the beak towards the apex. The Aving towards the costa is greyish ; the costa itself chocolate, and streaked throughout, the streaks beyond the middle being geminated ; the apical spot distinct. The ocelloid patch is of irregular shape, edged inwardly with white, and consisting of two lustrous leaden-coloured clouds with a yellowish streak between, on which are several black spots with pale borders. Apical scales iron-grey, darkest at the apex, tipped with white. Cilia fuscous, speckled with white, and becoming paler towards the anal angle. Posterior wings glossy, rich golden brown. Marginal scales of same colour, with the bases straw- colour. Cilia pale fuscous, the bases dull straw-colour. Abdomen fuscous, the caudal tuft rich brown. $ Exp. al. 10-13 lin. In colour paler than the S , especially along the costal portion of the wing. Not of very frequent occurrence ; variable in size, but tole- rably constant in colour and markings. In some instances the pale blotch is suffused with fuscous, so as to be but slightly discernible from the rest of the wing. Distinguished from its congeners by the shape of the dorsal blotch. The imago appears in June and July ; occurring in England in the South and Midland Counties ; also in Norfolk and Cam- bridge. The pupa is 6 lines long ; in shape compressed from the sides, and somewhat isometric. The head, thorax, and wing-cases shining, smooth, and black, the pale marks of the anterior wings distinctly seen through the latter ; the abdominal portion pale hazel on the ventral, and deep red-brown on the dorsal surface ; 102 TORTRICINA. the anal extremity armed with coarse, deep, chestnut-coloured hooklets. This state continues about three weeks. The larva when full-grown is from 7 to 8 lines in length, of a yellowish white colour. The head is heart-shaped, dark chest- nut-brown, and shining; the shield diaphanous, hazel-colour, shining, divided by a pale dorsal line, on each side of which, near the base, is a darker undefined patch. The anal segment is suddenly attenuated, and bears a hazel-brown cloud. Spiracula dark brown. It feeds in the stems of the Mugwort {Artemisia vulgaris). The young larva apparently enters the stems about 3 inches from the ground, eating its way downwards into the root, where it is found during the winter and spring months up to April and May, when it goes into pupa. Genus XII. DICRORAMPHA, Guenke. Palpi longer than the head, remote, porrected horizontally ; clothed with very long hairy scales at the apex of the middle joint. Basal joint short, moderately stout. Apical, very slender and acute, twice as long as the basal. Middle, very stout, slightly curved, thickest beyond the centre, not twice as long as the apical. Maxillae as long as the palpi. Thorax slender, ovate. Anterior wings : length greater than twice the width ; costal fold reaching to the middle ; costa arcuated ; apex obtuse ; apical and dorsal margins rounded. The costal vein reaches to the end of the fold. The subcostal vein gives out an internal nervure between the first and second subcostal neiTures, which crosses the discoidal cell, and joins the apical vein opposite the first apical nervure. Posterior wings ample ; apex ob- tuse ; apical margin slightly concave. Abdomen tufted in the c5' , stouter in the $ . This is a very extensive genus, and hitherto a most difiicult one to arrange, arising from several of the species previously located in it being so very similar to each other as to render their dis- crimination almost impossible ; but which {senectana and satur- nana), according to the present classification, belong to another family, and are consequently removed, leaving this group much more congruous and natural. The species, as now recognized, may always be known by a tooth-shaped dorsal blotch, of varied size and colour (usually yellow), sometimes very distinct, at others scarcely visible. The perfect insects fly about in the sun- shine, and some of them are of common occurrence. In the larva state they present several points of affinity to the Halonota ; ])robably the whole of them live in the roots of herbaceous i)lants. TORTRICINA. 103 The British species are nine in number (several more are re- cognized on the Continent), and are arranged as in the follow- ing table : — A. Anterior wings with a pale sulphur-coloured, curved tooth-shaped blotch on the dorsal margin . Species 1 B. Anterior wings with a pale sulphur- coloured, tri- migidar blotch on the dorsal margin Species 2 C. Aiiterior Tvdngs with a rich yellow (sometimes dusky) tooth-shaped blotch on the dorsal margin . Species 3, 4 D. Anterior wings with an indistinct triangular, or curved tooth-shaped blotch on the dorsal margin, slightly paler than the rest of the iving ; never yellow or sulphur-coloured Species 5-9 1. Petiverella, Linn. Alis anticis aureo-brunneis, fusco-strigatis, macula dorsali curva flava, strigulis costalibus geminatis albidis ; ad anguium analem punetis atris ; posticis aureo-fuscis. S Exp. al. 4i-6i lin. Head dusky olive-brown. Face slightly paler. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head ; apex smoky grey, or dull brown ; bases, sides, and beneath, dull ochreous. Antennae glossy, fuscous. Thorax pale, dull olive-brown. Patagia of same colour, but paler at the apex. Anterior wings : pale olive-brown, with an ashy tinge, especially at the base ; the dorsal margin with a curved tooth-shaped sulphur- coloured blotch, its apex turned posteriorly ; the costa with similar coloured streaks beyond the middle, which are mostly geminated, but sometimes simple ; below them are two oblique bright lustrous blue lines. The subapical portion of the disk sometimes clouded, or streaked with ochreous, either with or without black spots or longi- tudinal black stripes therein. On the apical margin, towards the anal angle, are three or four black spots, edged anteriorly with ochreous. Apical scales short, and smoky grey. Cilia glossy, dark grey or brown, with yellowish bases. Posterior wdngs glossy, golden brown or coppery, darkest tow^ards the margin, and bordered narrowly with yellow at the apex. Marginal scales iron-grey, with yellow bases. Ciha grey at the apex (paler anteriorly), with paler- bases. Abdomen fuscous, the caudal tuft dusky drab. $ Exp. al. 5-6-i- lin. An abundant species ; variable in size, and a little so in colour. Allied to D. sequana, but is larger, and the pale dorsal blotch is more crescent-shaped, and narrower. The imago appears in June and July, flying in the sunshine, wherever the food-plant of the larva grows. It is generally distri- buted over the country, and occurs also in Scotland and Ireland. The larva is from 4 to 5 lines long, of sluggish habit, and of a pinkish-white colour. The head is Inteous, shining, and the 104- TORTRICINA. sutures clicstuut-brown. The shield broad^ shining, very trans- parent, with several small blackish clouds thereon. The anal segment slightly constricted. It is to be found in the roots of the Yarrow [Achillea Millefolium) during the autumn, living therein in the larva state till the following April, and is exceed- ingly abundant. 2. sequana, Hub. Alis anticis am-eo-brunneis, fusco strigatis, macula magna trigona dorsali sulphurea; strigulis costalibus geminatis albidis ; posticis aureo-fuscis. S Exp. al. 4^5-i- lin. Head dusky drab, pale yellow behind the eyes. Face slightly paler than the head, below. Eyes dull black. Palpi longer than the head, pale yellow at the sides, base, and beneath ; the tips broadly fuscous. Antennae glossy grey. Thorax dark dusky drab. Patagia dark dusky drab, with the apex speckled wdth pale ochreous. Anterior wings pale umber, irrorated with ochreous scales towards the apex ; the base and below the costal fold freckled with cream- colour, and a large cream- or sulphur- coloured dorsal patch, with its anterior margin shaq)ly defined, and nearly straight ; its apex trun- cate, and posterior margin angulated. The costa is streaked through- out ; the streaks on the fold dushy, those beyond the middle cream- colour, and somew^hat geminated ; the two anterior ones produced into lustrous blue streaks, one attaining the apical margin below the apex, the other dilating into an indistinct lustrous cloud between the dorsal blotch and the black dots (varpng from two to five in number) upon the apical margin. Apical scales umber. Cilia glossy brown or iron-grey, with yellowish bases, both interrupted by a cream- coloured streak through them, below the apical spot. Posterior wrings and marginal scales fuscous ; the latter with yellowish bases, and the former with a cream-coloui'ed edge at the apex. Cilia pale fuscous, with paler bases. Abdomen fuscous, the caudal tuft slightly paler. J Exp. al. 4^5^ lin. An uncommon species ; tolerably constant in size and colour. Allied to D. Petiverella, but smaller, and having the dorsal blotch shorter, wider, with its apex truncate. The anterior wings are also broader. The imago appears in June, flying at midday in grassy places. It occurs in Norfolk, Gloucestershire, Devonshire, near Croydon, and other places in the metropolitan district. 3. politana, Schiff. Alis anticis ochreis, oUvaceo -fusco variis; macula margine dorsali indistincta et irregulari ; strigis costalibus geminatis albidis margine apicali pimctis tribus atris ; posticis atro-fuliginosis. S Exp. al. 6|^-7 lin. Head dusky ochreous, paler behind the eyes. Face paler. Eyes TOKTllICINA. 105 black. Palpi longer than the head, pale ochreoiis above and at the sides, the apex grey ; cream-colour beneath and between. Antennae fuscous. Thorax greyish ochreous, and glossy. Patagia greyish ochreous at the base ; the apex brighter and glossy. Anterior wings rich ochre-colour, inclining to pale ferruginous, clouded or streaked with grey, with an iridescent olive-green in some dii-ections, and crimson in others ; an immaculate dorsal blotch of the ground-colaur of the ^ving, tooth -shaped, and with the point directed towards the apex. Costa beyond the middle marked with five oblique, geminated, produced streaks, cream-coloured with dusky interspaces ; below are faint indications of lustrous blue streaks; the apical spot bright ochreous, and below it a pale streak which is produced through the marginal scales and ciKa. On the apical margin are three black dots. Apical scales iron-grey, somewhat mottled towards the anal angle. Cilia fuscous grey, with pale bases. Posterior mngs and marginal scales purplish brown ; the latter with yellowish bases. Cilia glossy, straAV- colour. Abdomen shining, fuscous, with a pale grey tuft at the apex. 5 Exp. al. 6^7 lin. A rather common species; constant in size, but somewhat variable in colour. Of the size of D. Pefiverella, but with the anterior' wings narrower. The imago appears in Jmie in grassy places, occasionally in company with D. Petiverella. It occurs throughout the metro- politan district, in Yorkshire, Cheshire, &c. 4. alpinana, Treit. Alis anticis flavis, olivaceo-fusco variis ; macula margine dorsali lata et distincta ; strigis costalibus productis flavis ; margine apicali punctis tribus atris ; posticis aureo-fuscis. (S Exp. al. 1-11 ^^• Head dusky ochreous. Face pale drab. Eyes dark brown. Palpi longer than the head ; above dusky ochreous ; at the sides, and be- neath, pale drab, with the apex dusky. Antennae fuscous. Thorax olive-brown, with a greenish iridescence. Patagia : at the base and apex ochreous, in the middle dusky. Anterior wings glossy, bright yellow, clouded and streaked with palish olive-brown, which in certain lights has a greenish appearance. On the dorsal margin is a largish curved blotch of the ground-colour, with its apex acute, and anterior edge rounded ; posteriorly it is somewhat concave, and gives out fine streaks of the same colour in the direction of the apical margin. The costa is obliquely geminated with yellow markings, one of which at, and another beyond, the middle, are much produced and dilated, and have a black line running along them. The streak at the middle, in conjunction with the dorsal blotch, form an angulated dilating fascia. The apex and apical margin yeUow. Towards the anal angle are three black spots. Apical scales glossy, umbreous. Ciha shining, brown, A\ith a slight violet-tinge. Posterior wings and 106 TORTKICINA. marginal scales glossy, golden brown ; the latter with their bases dusky drab. Cilia di'ab, with a dusky line running round the middle. Legs pale fuscous, and straw-colour. Abdomen glossy, pale fuscous ; the caudal tuft drab. 2 Exp. al. 7 lin. Marked like, but in colour slightly darker than, the c? . 5. simpliciana, Haw. Alls anticis cinereo-fascis, maculis nebu- lisque fuscis ; macula margine dorsali indistincta et triangulari ; strigulis costalibus pallidis ; posticis fuscis. c? Exp. al. 6-7 lin. Head and face dusky drab. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head ; dull ochreous at the base, sides, and beneath. AntennaB dusky drab, glossy, paler beneath ; broadly dusky drab at the apex. Thorax and patagia dusky drab ; the latter slightly paler at the apex. Anterior wings dull, dusky drab, with a paler tint along the costa, with a large, irregularly- trigonate dorsal blotch, slightly paler than the general colour, and most clearly defined at its anterior edge. The costa beyond the middle is marked with pale, obhque, gemi- nated, produced streaks, and clear browTi interspaces. The apical spot large, but not conspicuous. Three black dots in the middle of the apical margin. Apical scales chocolate -brown. Cilia glossy, pale broT^Ti, paler bases, both interrupted beneath the apex by a streak running through them. Posterior wings and marginal scales fuscous ; darkest at the apex. Cilia glossy, fascous grey. Abdomen fuscous grey, with a paler caudal tuft. $ Exp. al. 6-i-7J lin. Not a common species ; tolerably constant in size and colour. This is one of a group of insects which are exceedingly difficult to make out. It is allied to D. Tanaceti, saturnana^ and plumba- gana. From Tanaceti it may be distinguished by the costa not being so distinctly marked, and the entire absence of slightly lustred streaks and markings on the disk', from saturnana by its somewhat smaller size, paler colour, and obvious, though ob- scure, blotch on the dorsal margin, and the absence of metallic marks; and from plumbagana by the same characters as from saturnana. The imago appears in June and July among Mugwort [Arte- misia vulgaris)^ and occurs wherever that plant grows in plenty. It has been captured at Charlton, Greenhithe, Northfleet, and Margate, near Dover, in Kent, near Croydon, and other places round London; also in Worcestershire, Cheshire, &c. The pupa measures 4 lines in length, and is of a pale testa- ceous brown. The larva feeds in the roots of Artemisia vulgaris, living therein throughout the winter, and assumes the pupa state about the month of April. It is of a yellowish-white colour, with a hazel-coloured head. TORTRICINA. 107 6. Tanaceti, Sta. Alis anticis siib-nitidis, bninneis ; squamis ochra- ceis irroratis; pone medium strigis obsoletis plumbeis; macula margine dorsali trigona, dilution et indistincta ; posticis fusco- griseis. (5 Exp. al. 6J-7 lin. Head olive-di^ab, palest behind and on the vertex. Face slightly paler. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head; at the base ochreous ; the apex dusky brown. Antennae glossy, fuscous. Thorax oHve-drab. Patagia slightly paler. Anterior wings sHghtly glossy, with a general irroration of ochreous scales on a dusky or pale umber ground, and a somewhat paler indistinct trigonate blotch (sometimes streaky) on the dorsal margin. On the costa are seven geminations, not produced ; the interspaces fuscous ; in the apical region are faint indications of lustrous streaks and spots. Apical scales umbreous. Cilia very glossy, fuscous ; the bases broadly ochreous. Posterior wings grey, with a fuscous tinge. Marginal scales umber, with pale narrow bases. Cilia pale fuscous, with drab bases. Abdomen glossy blackish ; the apex drab. $ Exp. al. 6-i— 7 lin. First introduced into the British list by Mr. Stainton, in the 'Entomologist's AnnuaP for 1857, p. 101, and is rare in cabinets, although it is probably mixed up with some of the closely-allied species. It mostly resembles D. simpliciana and plumbagana. It differs from the former in t\ie paler ground-colour of the anterior wings, and in the presence of small slightly metallic lustred streaks and markings, and the posterior wings are much paler and fuscous grey. From plumbagana it is most diffi- cult to distinguish : in fact, it appears to us as doubtful if it be distinct from this latter species. Taken by Mr. Thompson, of Crewe, among Tanacetum vulgare. 7. plumbagana, Treit. Alis anticis bnmneis, squamis ochraceis irroratis ; strigulis ad costam albidis micantibus ; macula dorsali indistincta subplumbea ; margine apicali punctis atris ; posticis fuscis, vel brunneo-aureis. Exp. al. 6-7^ lin. Head olivaceous drab. Face slightly paler. Eyes purplish brown. Palpi longer than the head. Antennae at the apex dusky, pale ochreous at the base. Thorax olivaceous di'ab. Patagia shghtly paler, especially at the apex. Anterior wings dull pale umber, thickly irrorated with bright ochreous scales, with shining drab markings on the costa, and an 'indistinctly expressed triangulate, slightly lustrous blotch upon the dorsal margin. Towards the base, below the costal fold, are a few slightly shining leaden -lustred spots, similar to the dorsal blotch. On the costa, before the middle, are two faintly-coloured geminations, and five beyond, weU defined, bright, shining and produced into lustrous streaks : the first and second be- 108 TORTRICINA. yond the middle unite, and are continued obliquely to the ocelloid patch, which is of the same lustrous coloiu', and encloses some um- breous atoms ; on the margin beyond the ocelloid patch is a row of black dots, varjing in number from three to five, and differing in size. Apical scales very shining, deep cinereous. Cilia also very shining, and boldly expressed ; their bases pale ochreous, and the tips broadly deep cinereous, paler at the anal angle. Posterior wings shining fuscous, with a golden-broAvn tinge, paler at the base, and the extreme margin pale ochreous. Marginal scales deep cinereous. Cilia drab, broadly pale, cinereous in the middle. $ Exp. al. 6-7^ lin. Marked like the c? , but the coloiu's more distinct, the umbreous ground-colour appearing in patches. Not a very common species, nor does it appear liable to great variation. It very closely resembles D. Tanaceti, but the poste- rior wings in that species are gi^ey, not fuscous, and the anterior wings have their markings less 'distinctly defined. It also re- sembles D. acuminatana, but may be separated from it by the anal angle of the anterior wings being inore produced. The imago appears in June, and is generally distributed throughout the country ; it occurs also in Ireland. 8. acuminatana, Zell. Alis anticis nitidis, brunneis vel olivaceo- brunneis ; squamis ochraceis irroratis ; apice acuminate ; macula magna margine dorsali, triangulari et dilutiori ; margine apicali punctis atris ; posticis nitidis, fusco-griseis. <S Exp. al. 5-6 lin. Head and face dusky drab. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head; above dusky; sides dusky, with an ochreous patch at the base ; beneath drab ; between shining drab. Antennae fuscous. Thorax and patagia dusky brown. Anterior wings somewhat acu- minate, glossy pale umber or olive-brown, with a general irroration of ochreous scales, and a large slightly paler streaky triangulate ■ curved blotch in the dorsal margin ; on the costa are seven gemina- tions, sometimes obliquely produced into slightly lustrous streaks ; at the apical margin is a row of black dots. Apical scales umbreous. Cilia very glossy, paler, with broad yellow bases. Posterior wings glossy grey, with a slight fuscous tinge, most visible at the apex, and a greenish-grey iridescence. Marginal scales fuscous, with drab bases. Cilia pale drab ; the apices grey. Abdomen glossy, vaiying from fuscous to blackish ; the apex drab. 2 Exp. al. 5-5^ lin. Anterior wings darker ; posterior wings more uniformly grey than in the (^ • This is a common insect in some places, very like Z>. simpli- ciana, senectanaj Tanaceti, satuimana, and plumbagana ; but it is smaller in size, and distinguished by the more acute apex of the anterior wings. The imago appears in August, in grassy places and among TORTRICINA. 109 mixed herbage, at Headley Lane, and other localities round London ; also towards the North of England. 9. consortana, Steph. MSS. Alis anticis brunneis ; strigis, macula elongata curva medio marginis dorsalis; strigulis costalibus albidis ; margins apicali punetis atris ; posticis nitidis, basi griseis ; margine fuscis. (^ Exp. al. 4^-5 lin. Head fuscous. Face slightly paler. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head ; pale drab at the base ; the apex fuscous. Antennae fuscous. Thorax fuscous, mixed with drab. Patagia fuscous ; the apices drab. Anterior wings dull umber, with slender drab mark- ings, and on the dorsal margin is an elongated curved blotch ; the base is occupied by a large streaky, indistinctly defined, rhomboid patch, extending one- third along the costa and dorsal margin, the angle in the middle reaching to the centre of the disk ; on the costa, which is dark umbreous, are six whitish, and produced, slightly lustrous streaks, the anterior three geminated, the remainder simple ; the umbreous interspaces produced obliquely towards the apical margin ; the curved blotch is streaked with blackish, and at the anal angle is a small indistinct ocelloid patch ; a row of black dots on the apical margin. Apical scales dark umbreous, sometimes inter- rupted below the apex. Cilia glossy umbreous, with the bases broadly pale drab. Posterior wings glossy grey at the base, soften- ing into fuscous at the margins, darkest at the apex. Marginal scales darker fuscous, with glossy drab bases. Cilia : the apices grey, the bases pale di^ab. Abdomen blackish; the apex drab. 2 Exp. al. 4i-5 lin. An uncommon insect ; the smallest British species of this genus, and although obscure in colour, it is very distinctly marked. The imago appears in July and August, and is captured by sweeping grass and mixed herbage. It occurs at Headley Lane, on the tramway, near Croydon, in the North of England, &c. , Genus XIIL COCCYX, Treit. Palpi robust, scarcely longer than the head ; basal joint drooping, stout, pyriform, truncate ; apical obovate, slender, not so long as the basal ; middle moderately stout, ascending, not curved, scarcely thicker beyond the centre, more than three times as long as the apical. Maxillae slender, longer than the palpi. Thorax robust, ovate, not tufted behind. Anterior wdngs : length more than twice the width ; costa slightly arched, the fold extending to the middle ; 110 r TORTRICINA. apex acute ; apical margin concave ; dorsal margin nearly straight ; the costal vein not reaching beyond the fold ; the subcostal nervures equidistant. Posterior wings : apex acute and somewhat produced ; apical margin concave ; the submedian nervure inserted near the apex of the submedian vein. Abdomen stout ; in the S tufted at the apex. Formerly of much greater extent, but now reduced to three British species. They are all of moderate dimensions; in repose they sit with the wings much deflexed, and the larvae for the most part frequent fir-trees. The British species are thus arranged : — A. Anterior wings Avith two distinct pale fascice. a. The pale fasciae hroacl and simple Species 1 b. The pale fascice slender and the posterior one furcate on the costa Species 2 B. Anterior wings with more than two distinct pale fasciae or strigae, frequently interrupted Species 3 1. fiuitimaiia, Guen. MSS. Alis anticis subargenteis, fusco strigatis ; macula basi rhombea, fascia media obliqua, altera ad apicem punctoque rotundato fuscis; posticis fusco-griseis. S Exp. al. 5ilin. Head fuscous. Face darker. Eyes black. Palpi as long as the head, whitish above ; dark drab at the sides and beneath. Antennae glossy fuscous. Thorax and patagia fuscous, the latter glossy at the apex. Anterior wings glossy dirty white, mth rich bronzy brown markings, speckled with umber ; at the base is a streaked and speckled rhomboid patch, paHsh at its origin, sharply defined at its posterior edge, extending nearly one-third along the costa, forming an angle towards the middle of the disk, and attaining the dorsal margin rather more than one-third from the base. At the middle of the costa commences a sharply-defined fascia, narrow at its origin and gradually dilating to the opposite margin ; its anterior edge is nearly straight, but there is a* sharp angle posteriorly. The apical region is occupied by a broad patch, streaked with white at the anal angle ; on the costa beyond the middle are two geminations, fol- lowed by a simple streak, and tliis latter is succeeded by a third gemination, which is produced and curved, enclosing the apical spot. The pale portions of the wing have a silvery appearance, more or less speckled, especially on the dorsal margin. Apical scales umber. Cilia paler umber, with drab bases, both becoming lighter coloui'ed towards the anal angle. Posterior wings glossy pale fuscous. Marginal scales slightly paler, with the bases yellowish. Cilia fuscous grey. Abdomen glossy fuscous, the apex drab. ? Exp. al. 5| Hn. TORTRICINA. Ill A rare species in cabinets. It was first added to our list by the late Richard Weaver, who took it in Scotland ; it has since been taken by other collectors. 2. distinctana, Bentley MSS. Alls anticis aureo-brmineis nebulis saturatioribus ; ante medium striga, pone altera ad costam bifida, argenteis ; posticis fascis. <S Exp. al. ^\-Q lin. Head drab, darker behind. Face drab, paler below. Eyes black. Palpi as long as the head ; drab, with the bases inclining to ochreous. Antennae pale fuscous, drab at the base. Thorax dusky drab. Pa- tagia brownish at the base ; at the apex drab. Anterior wings very pale drab, with a lustrous appearance, with broad patches, and fasciae of rich golden brown, mixed with umber. At the base is a streaky patch, which extends one-third along the costa, palish towards its origin, with a sharply- defined border, slightly undulate and convex. At the middle of the costa commences a wide clearly-defined fascia, dilating at the centre, and attaining the dorsal margin, being twice as mde there as at its outset ; its anterior edge indented towards the costa, and its posterior extending near to the anal angle. The apical region is occupied by a patch, more or less intemipted on the costa by pale produced streaks. The ground-colour of the wdng appears between the principal markings in the form of two transverse silvery strigae ; one towards the base, simple, the other towards the apex, bifid on the costa. Apical scales dark umber, with paler bases. Cilia darkest towards the apex, fuscous, with broad shining drab bases. Posterior wings : surface clothed with coarse fuscous scales upon a whitish ground, gradually becoming darker to the apex. Marginal scales fuscous, the bases paler. Ciha dusky, inclining to straw-colour. Abdomen fuscous ; the caudal tuft drab. $ Exp. al. 5|-6 Hn. This is a very distinct species, and has hitherto been mixed up in our cabinets as a variety of C. Hyrciniana, which it much resembles ; it is, however, easily separable from it : first, by the anterior wing being less streaky ; secondly, by the streaks them- selves being more defined ; thirdly, by the first two costal streaks beyond the middle uniting and being produced uninterruptedly to the anal angle. Fig. 14 of pi. 99, in Westwood and Humphrey's * British Moths and their Transformations,' vol. ii., gives a good idea of this insect. There is no recorded locality for the original specimen in the Bentleyan (Mr. Edwin Shepherd's) cabinet ; but all the recent specimens that we have seen or heard of were taken by Messrs. Hodgkinson, Allis, and Gregson, from some Scotch fir-trees at Braithwaite, near Windermere. 112 TORTRICINA. 3. Hjrrciniana, Uslar. Alls anticis albidis aut fuscescentibus, subargenteo-nitidis, maculis fuscis plus minusve distinctis ; pos- ticis fuscis. c? Exp. al. 6 lin. Head pale fuscous on the vertex, pale drab behind. Face cream- colour. E^^es black. Palpi as long as the head, pale di-ab. An- tennae shining, dusky drab. Thorax chocolate-brown speckled with drab. Patagia of similar colours, but paler. Anterior wings dull, cream-colour or white, suffused with dull or chocolate-brown patches or streaks. This insect is very variable in the number and extent of its markings ; some with the white preponderating, others with the brown ; the most constant markings appear in the darker specimens, and from one of these is the following description taken. The white ground-colour of the wing is visible near the base in an indistinct, broadish, undulating streak. Before the middle of the wing are two indistinct curved hnes nearly parallel in their course, but mdest apart in the centre ; on the costa, midway between these lines, are two white spots, and below them numerous white freckles arranged in two rows, one directed towards the base, the other to the anal angle. Before the apex are two w^hite geminated streaks with w^hite freckles below. At the region of the ocelloid patch are two well- defined white lines, or else a congeries of white freckles. The apical spot distinct, and below it a white streak running through the cilia. Apical scales umber, with paler bases. Cilia smoky grey, with white bases ; somewhat paler at the anal angle, where they are also sometimes interrupted by white streaks running through them. Posterior mngs shining, pale fuscous ; the base grepsh. Marginal scales pale fuscous, with lighter bases. Cilia pale grey. Abdomen fuscous, the caudal tuft paler. $ Exp. al. 5^6 lin. A very common insect among fir-trees, and at the same time very variable, both in the number and character of its markings. It differs also somewhat in size. The dark portions of the anterior wings vary from pale fuscous to dark umbreous. It is similar to C. distinctana, but is readily distinguished from it by the absence of the furcate striga beyond, the middle of the iving. The imago appears in May and June, and occurs throughout the country ; also in Scotland, commonly in the vicinity of Edinburgh. Genus XIV. CAPUA, Stephens. Palpi robust, longer than the head, porrected horizontally, densely clothed above with scales ; basal joint stout, truncate ; apical slender, slightly curved, longer than the basal ; middle stout, thickened beyond the centre, three times as long as the apical. Maxillae as long as the palpi. Thorax ovate. Anterior wings : length equals TOKTRTCINA. 113 twice the width. Costa arcuated. In the S the fold scarcely reach- ing to the middle ; apex acute; ai3ical margin oblique, concave ; dorsal margin rounded. In this genus the apical vein gives out five nervures, the first of which is furcate. Posterior wings : apex acute ; apical margin concave. Abdomen slender, tufted in both sexes, but mostly so in the <S . This genus was established by the late J. F. Stephens for the reception of the only species which it contains, but it appears to us scarcely to offer sufficient distinctive characters on which to found a genus ; but as it has figured as distinct, not only by the author quoted, but also by M. Guenee, under the name " Teratodes/' it is thought better to retain it in that position. Further observations, as respects its larva and transformations, may show whether or not its claims to remain distinct can be maintained. 1. ochraceana, Steph. Alls anticis ochraceo-griseis, cinereo-fusco obsolete reticulatis, in medio fascia abbreviata indistincta ; posticis nitidis, griseis. S Exp. al. Q-Q^ lin. Head and face straw-colour. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head, straw-colour. Antennae slightly ochreous. Thorax and patagia straw-colour, sometimes irrorated with fuscous. Anterior wings dull, dusky straw-colour, with fuscous markings, forming a broad, un- defined, oblique, irregular fascia before, and another paler, narrower one beyond, the middle ; both most distinct towards the costa. The apical margin narrowly edged with fuscous. Apical scales dull, ochreous, with fuscous tips. Cilia ochreous. Posterior wings duU pale grey, with a slight fuscous tinge. Marginal scales grey, the bases pale ochreous. Cilia pale ochreous. Legs straw-colour. Ab- domen fuscous, the caudal tuft ochreous. $ Exp. al. Q-Q^ lin. Not a very uncommon species. In appearance it much re. sembles dull specimens of Didyopteryx Loeflinffiana, but the ^ may be readily distinguished from it by the folded costa. The imago appears in May and June, and occurs throughout the country. The larva is attached to the Hornbeam. Genus XV. CARTELLA, Guenee, olim. Palpi twice the length of the head, remote, porrected horizontally, clothed with moderately long scales. Basal joint drooping, stout, pyriform, truncate ; apical club-shaped, thickest towards the apex, longer than the basal ; middle ascending, curved, club-shaped, mode- 114 TORTRICINA. rately stout, three times as long as the apical. Maxillae not so long as the palpi. Thorax stout, ovate. Anterior wings : length nearly three times the width ; costa arcuated, the costal fold extending to one-third from the base ; apex acute ; apical margin entire, oblique ; dorsal margin rounded. The costal vein reaches to the middle of the costa ; the subcostal nervures equidistant. Posterior wings acute at the apex ; apical margin slightly concave. Abdomen slender, and tufted in the (^ ; stout and obtuse at the apex in the $ . The only species at present forming this genus was formerly placed by the late J. F. Stephens, in his ' Illustrations/ amongst the Hedyce {Anticlea) , and subsequently by M. Guenee among Peediscae (with him synonymous with Poecilochroma) , a position which it certainly could not maintain; consequently Mr. Ste- phens, when compiling his Museum Catalogue of the British Tortrices, separated it, and assigned to it a previous name of Guenee's {Cartella), which is here adopted. The ground of separation was doubtless the folded costa. 1. bilunana, Haw. Alis anticis albis ; cinereo- aut pallide fulvo- nebulosis ; costa punctis nigris ; maculis duabus nigris dorsalibus ; posticis cinereo-fuscis. S Exp. al. 7-8 lin. Head and face yellowish white, sometimes cream-colour. Eyes black. Palpi : above dirty white, grey or dusky at the sides, white beneath and between. Antennae dirty white above, fuscous beneath. Thorax and patagia chalk-white. Anterior wings chalk- white, with umber-brown markings in shades. The costa is widely streaked throughout with dilute umber, and in the centre is some- times a suffased cloud, followed by a very faint indication of a fascia towards the anal angle. On the dorsal margin, one-third from the base, is an oblique mark, extending to the middle of the wing ; its posterior edge undulated and concave, of intense umber, softening rapidly towards the base ; near the anal angle is another mark, paler in colour, maculated with dark spots ; a few dots and streaks are disposed over the surface and on the dorsal margin. In some speci- mens the disk is suffused with very dilute umber clouds. Apical scales and cilia white. Posterior wings pale fuscous, darkest at the apex. Marginal scales fuscous, with straw-coloured bases. Ciha varying from straw-colour to grey. Abdomen fuscous, the caudal tuft pale drab. $ Exp, al. 6-7i lin. This is rather a common species, but slightly variable in the intensity of its markings. Rather larger than Hedya Paykul- liana, the typical form of which it much resembles. It is distin- guished from it, however, by the paler ground-colour of the anterior wings, the less distinct, irregular, and less produced TORTRICINA. 115 marks upon the casta, and the white or cream-coloured head. In H. Paykulliana the head is pale grey. The imago appears in June among Birches (Haworth says on the trunks of ash-trees). It occurs throughout the country. The larva feeds in the catkins of the Birch. Family III. ANCHYLOPERID^. The insects contained in this group may be distinguished chiefly by the produced apex of the anterior wings. This cha- racter is most fully developed in Anchylopera, whilst in some of the genera this peculiarity is altogether wanting ; but their affinity is maintained, at least so far as the existing knowledge of the family permits. The anterior wings are usually longer and narrower than in the PlicatcE ; the costa is neither folded nor obtusely rounded at the base, but always regularly arcuated (except Anchylopera pars, Dictyopteryx, and Crcesia). In the larva state they feed mostly in united leaves : some few [Hedya pars, Bactra) are internal feeders ; the former in the bark and twigs of Poplars, the latter in the stems and roots of Rushes. This family consists of eight genera, which are tabulated in the following order : — A. Anterior wings with the apex slightly produced. a. Palpi with the middle joint three times as long as the apical 2. Steganoptycha. a a. Palpi with the middle joint Jive times as long as the apical 1. Hedya. B. Anterior wings with the apex much pro- duced. 6. Palpi with the middle joint not three times as long as the apical .... 6. Dictyopteeyx, pars. bb. Palpi with the middle joint three times as long as the apical .... 3. AifCHYLOPERA. C. Anterior wings with the apecc acute, but not produced. c. Palpi with the middle joint not three times as long as the apical . . . .5. Aegyeotoza. c c. Palpi with the middle joint three times as long as the apical . . . . 4. Bactea. i2 116 TORTRICINA. D. Anterior wings with the apical margin truncate. d. Palpi with the middle joint not three times as long as the apical . . . .6. Dictyopteryx, pars. dd. Palpi with the middle joint more than five times as long as the apical . 7. Cecesia. E. Anterior wings with the apex obtuse, and the apical margin rounded. e. Palpi with the middle joint scarcely four times as long as the apical . . .8. Hemeeosia. Genus I. HEDYA, Hub. Palpi as long as the head ; robust, porrected upwards, remote ; clothed at the apex with fine scales. Basal joint stout, drooping, pyriform, truncate ; apical minute, slender, obovate, shorter than the basal ; middle not so stout as the basal, curved, ascending, five times as long as the apical. Maxilla? longer than the palpi. Thorax robust, ovate. Anterior wings : the length equals nearly three times the breadth (in H. pauperana more than three times) ; costa regularly arcuated ; apex slightly produced ; apical margin concave ; dorsal margin rounded. The discoidal cell proceeds two-thirds across the wing, and receives from the subcostal vein a nervure, inserted between the first and second subcostal nervures (nearer the latter), which crosses the discoidal cell to the second apical nervTire ; sub- costal nervures remote. Posterior wings : apex acute ; apical margin concave ; the median vein is fiu^cate midway between the insertion of the super-median nervure and the margin. Abdomen slender, and tufted at the apex in the S ; stout and obtuse in the $ . The insects associated under this name are mostly of very common occurrence, of moderate size (rather below the average), and distinguished by their white or whitish anterior wings, with defined dark markings ; the most conspicuous of these latter is a patch at the base, which may be traced throughout nearly the whole of them. In the structure of the anterior wings the apex is slightly produced, thus approaching the Anchyloperce. The larvae are attached to the Elm, Poplar, Sallow, Willow, &c. The British species amount to ten in number, and are ar- ranged as in the following table : — A. Anterior wings without a darh-coloured patch at the base . . Species 1 B. Anterior wings with a darh-coloured patch at the base, its posterior edge straight, rounded or very slightly angulated Species 2-8 TORTRICINA. 117 C. Anterior wings with the basal patch very angu- lated or rhomboid. a. With di plain pale-coloured angulated fascia be- yond the basal patch Species 9 b. With the pale angulated fascia beyond the basal patch streaked Species 10 1. Paykulliana, Fabr. Alis anticis albis nigro nebulosis lineatis punctoque apice brunneo ; lunula communi nigra, altera fusca ; posticis fuscis. c? Exp. al. 6^7 lin. Head greyish drab. Pace greyish drab above, dirty white below. Eyes black. Palpi : above, drab at the base, greyish drab at the apex and sides ; beneath, drab at the base, dusky at the apex, whitish between. Antennae : above, greyish drab, darker beneath. Thorax and patagia greyish drab, the latter paler and shining at the apex. Anterior wings dull, the costal portion drab, the dorsal grey, with chocolate-coloured markings; the costa marked thi-oughout with oblique streaks, those on the apical half alternately broad and nar- row, the broad ones produced, and directed to a point below the apical spot, which is distinct and well defined. The base is marked with small spots ; towards the former, on the dorsal margin, is an iiTegular trigonate patch ; its inner edge convex, the outer concave, and the apex produced ; within the anal angle is another irregularly- shaped patch, with its apex turned towards the base. At the middle of the apical margin arises a third marking, somewhat hook-shaped ; this, with the preceding one, is frequently of a miuch paler colour than the sub -basal dorsal patch, and between them are two lustrous leaden clouds, separated by a row of more or less distinct spots or longitudinal streaks, together forming the ocelloid patch ; the pale portions of the ^ing clouded with pale fuscous and grey. Apical scales more or less intense, of chocolate- colour, with drab bases and whitish tips. CiHa dull, dusky brown, softening into pale bases with whitish tips, both becoming drab, or white, at the anal angle, and iron-grey beyond it. Posterior wings clothed with coarse fus- cous scales, darkest towards the apex, on a pale-grey ground. Mar- ginal scales fuscous, with paler bases. Cilia pale fuscous, and shining. Abdomen pale fuscous ; the caudal tuft ta^vny. $ Exp. al. 6i-8 lin. Far from uncommon, and varies considerably in size as well as colour. The variety triquetrana consists in having the dorsal half of the wing suffused with umber, of more or less intensity. The variety costana has the anterior wings very dark, with the costa broadly white. It has very much the appearance, in its typical form, of Cartelta bilunana, but is readily distinguished from that species by its pale grey head, more suffused anterior 118 TORTRICINA. wings, and the distinct and more regular geminations on the cost a. The imago appears in July, among Birches ; in some seasons plentifully. We have found the dark variety as frequently as the typical insect, although Stephens says " the dark varieties are rare/' Coombe, Darenth, and Plumstead Woods are some of its localities near London. It occurs in Cheshire and in the midland counties, and towards the West of England. Scarce in the vicinity of Edinburgh. The larva feeds on the Birch. 2. ocellana, Schiff. Alis anticis pallide-ochraceis aut albidis ; fascia basi brunneo strigata ; apiceque ante angulum analem maculis brunneis obscuris ; macula ocellari strigis ceeruleis ; posticis fiiscis. (S Exp. al. Q-6^ lin. Head fuscous. Eace darker than the head. Eyes black. Palpi fuscous, darker at the apex, paler between. Antennae pale fuscous. Thorax deep fuscous, banded transversely with dusky grey. Patagia fuscous at the base; the apex paler. Anterior wings dull, rich cream- colour, with black, umber, deep fuscous, bro-svTi and greyish markings ; at the base is a deep fuscous patch, streaked transversely with umber, its posterior edge variable, but usually angulated in the middle. Near the anal angle, on the dorsal margin, is a dull ochreous trigonate (sometimes rounded) patch, edged and marked with black ; beyond this are two lustrous bright blue streaks, with a broad dull ochreous cloud between, streaked longitudinally or spotted with black or intense brovm : these streaks or spots vary in number, from three to seven. The apical spot is brown and distinct, more or less produced downwards, along the margin ; the costa is marked with broad and narrow alternated streaks of grey or fuscous colour, sometimes confined to the costa, at others, more or less produced across the mng, in wavy lines, of greater or less intensity. There are a few streaks on the dorsal margin. Apical scales smoky black, with ochreous bases and tips. Cilia smoky black, with whitish tips, be- coming grey at the anal angle. Posterior wings clothed with coarse, dull, fuscous scales. Marginal scales fuscous, with cream- colom^ed bases. Cilia long, shining, and pale grey. Abdomen pale shining grey ; the caudal tuft straw-colour. $ Exp. al. 6-8 lin. In general colour richer than the S , the cream- colour approaching buff, and usually less streaked. Abdomen dull fascous. An exceedingly common and very variable species, but fortu- nately not hampered with a host of named varieties. The vari- ation consists in the central, usually pale, portion of the anterior wings, ranging through all the tints, from very pale drab- or cream-colour to a smoky-black ; sometimes this part of the wing TORTRICINA. 119 is partially speckled, at others immaculate, or nearly so. The dark markings in some specimens are nearly homogeneous, in others they are very streaky. The imago emerges in June and July, frequenting hedges and woods around London and throughout the country ; rarer towards the North. It does not yet appear to have been cap- tured in Scotland or in Ireland. The larva feeds on the Hornbeam, Alder, Mountain Ash, &c., and probably on the Whitethorn. According to M. Guenee, the larva is similar to that of Spilonota RoboranUj being brown, and having the head and shield black. 3. simplana, Fisch. v. R. Alls anticis olivaceo-albidis, basi fascia angulata brunneo strigata, medio costae macula brunnea quadrata, alteraque ad marginem dorsalem dilution ; costa punctis brunneis, apice strigato cihis cinereis ; posticis fiiscis. c? Exp. al. 5-i- lin. Head white, pale grey over the eyes. Face white. Eyes black. Palpi longer than the head, white ; at the base inclining to fuscous. Antennae fuscous. Thorax blackish, thickly mixed with white scales. Patagia blackish at the base, mixed with white at the apex. An- terior wings dull, whitish with umbreous markings, and towards the apex broadly clouded with pale greenish ochreous. At the base, extending one-fifth along the costa, and one-thii-d along the dorsal margin, is a streaky patch, obtusely angulated towards the latter and most intensely coloured at its posterior edge; in the middle of the costa is an oblique quadrate patch, and on the opposite margin, but beyond, a more dilute streaky one, and sometimes between these, on the disk, are faint indications of clouds. The costa is distinctly spotted throughout with umber ; at the apex, and at intervals along the apical margin, are several intense umbreous streaks. Apical scales pale umbreous, cilia paler, with the scales tipped with grey. Posterior wings pale fuscous. Marginal scales pale fuscous, with paler bases. Cilia very pale fuscous. Legs straw-colour, the tarsi speckled with fuscous. Abdomen very pale fuscous. $ Exp. al. 5i lin. In colour rather darker than the S • A rare species. Constant both in size and colour. Allied to H. neglectana and H. dealhana, but may be distinguished from both by the regular dark border on the apical margin of the an- terior wings. The imago appears in May and June, frequenting wild rose- bushes. It occurs at Darenth Wood, and also in the Cambridge- shire Fens. According to Fischer von Roeslerstamm, the larva is to be found, in July, in Populus ti^emula ; at the end of July it goes into a yellowish-brown pupa, remaining in this latter state ten months. 120 TORTRICINA. 4. dealbana, Frol. Alls anticis albis ; basi fascia rhombea fusca, atro strigata, medio diliitiore, a2)ice puncto ferriigineo ad angiiliun analem macula ocellari plumbea; posticis fuscis. (S Exp. al. 6i lin. Head fuscous in front, sub-ochreous behind and above the eyes. Face drab. Eyes black. Palpi fuscous, mth the apices dirty white. Antennae dark brown, alternated with a paler shade. Thorax in front dark fuscous, paler on the vertex. Patagia fuscous at the base, the apex sub-ochreous. Anterior viings dull, pale cream-colour with black, brown, fuscous and greyish clouds and markings ; at the base is a deep fuscous patch, streaked transversely with dark brown, somewhat paler towards the costa, and sometimes also at its origin ; its posterior margin is convex to the fold, then dilates towards the dorsal margin, which it attains, after forming a strongly- defined obtuse angle. The costal and dorsal margins maculated with fuscous and brown ; the former distinctly so, in broad and narrow oblique streaks on its apical portion ; an ochreous brown spot at the apex. At the centre of the costa is an irregular fuscous cloud, extending obliquely towards the anal angle and ha\dng a strong black or intense brown streak across the middle, towards the apical margin. Within the anal angle is an obtuse trigonate mark of ochreous or pale fuscous, irrorated with black. In the apical region is a fuscous cloud, and below it are two curv^ed lustrous leaden-coloui'ed streaks, in a roundish white space, together forming an indistinct ocelloid patch. Apical scales dark brown, somewhat interrupted, with pale cream-coloured bases, cilia fuscous, mottled with black, and pale bases, both becoming white at the anal angle. Posterior wings clothed with coarse fuscous scales on a pale-grey ground. Marginal scales fuscous with luteous bases. Cilia shining and paler. Abdomen pale fuscous, the caudal tuft straw-colour. 5 Exp. al. 6 lin. In colour slightly darker than the c? . A very common species, subject to great variation in the colouring, and slightly so as to size. On the one hand it is very like H. neglectana, but the markings are neither so large nor so distinctly expressed, and the colour is less black ; on the other, it resembles H. Aceriana ; but this latter species is larger, the cream-coloured ground richer, and the basal patch not so angulated. Stephens mentions two varieties in the ' Museum Catalogue/ viz. incarnana and Paykulliana, the former being slightly re- moved from the type by a faint suffusion of the pale parts of the wing (see Wood, Ind. Ent. pi. 32. fig. 966) ; the latter is still more suffused and smaller in size (vide /. c. fig. 967). To these should be added Alnetana, or the very suffused eivamples, which Mr. Stephens has elevated to the rank of a species, with a mark of doubt, — we presume on the authority of Guenee, who TORTRICINA. 121 says it comes between dealhana and Aceriana, and is always the same ; and that it occurs in June among Alders. In this country, at leasts this variety occurs also where there is no Alder near. It is, however, quite true, as M. Guenee says, '' semper eadem -/' but whether or not it should rank as distinct, must be decided hereafter by a critical discrimination of the larvse. The imago appears in June, commonly round London ; it like- wise occurs in Cheshire and in the midland counties. 5. neglectana, Dup. Alls anticis albis, fascia basi medioque cinereis obscuris, atro strigatis, apice puncto ferrugineo; ad angulum analem macula ocellari plumbea; fronte apicibusque palparum niveis ; posticis fuscis. S Exp. al. 6-6^ hn. Head smoky black on the vertex ; cream- colour behind, over the eyes. Face white, sometimes cream-coloiu'. Eyes black ; palpi smoky black, the apices and between white. Antennae alternated with black and pale fuscous above, the basal joint white without, black within, and whoUy black beneath. Thorax black, banded transversely with white. Patagia black at the base and the apex, broadly cream-colour be- tween. Anterior wings dull, pale cream-colour with black, brown, fuscous and grey markings ; the basal patch made up of black and shining grey, more or less mixed with the ground-colour of the wing, extends from the costal to the dorsal margin, its posterior edge convex and angulated towards the latter ; in the middle of the costa is a very obhque abbreviated black or intensely brown streak, with numerous small spots of the same colour at its apex. Eollowing these is a curved lustrous leaden-coloured mark, somewhat interrupted and extending from the costa to the anal angle. The apical costal streaks are dark brown, intermixed with lustrous leaden scales, pro- duced interruptedly, and attain the apical margin. At the apex is a distinct umber spot. The dorsal margin is speckled with black, and mthin the anal angle, and preceding the leaden-coloured streak before named, are several black spots on a pale ochreous ground, arranged in the form of a pyramid. The ocelloid patch present, but undefined; sometimes a slightly ochreous cloud occupies the centre of the wing. Apical scales black, with sub-ochreous bases. Cilia slightly shining, at the apex dusky brown, then smoky black, again dusky brown, both becoming white at and grey beyond the anal angle. Posterior wings clothed A\dth coarse, dark, fuscous scales, on a grey ground. Marginal scales fuscous, with sub-ochreous bases. Ciha paler, slightly shining. Abdomen dark fuscous, the caudal tuft paler. $ Exp. al. ()-()l lin. In general colour more defined than in the S ; the basal patch of a bluish tinge. A very beautiful and distinctly-marked insect, readily distin- guished from its congeners by its white face and the white tips 122 TORTRICINA. to the palpij as well as by the darker and sharply-defined mark at the base of the anterior wings. It most resembles H. dealhana, being of the same size^ and, previous to the publication of Mr. H. Doubleday^s list in 1850, was confounded with it. It is far from uncommon. The imago appears in July among Willows. It has been taken in plenty by Mr. T. Wildman at Camberwell. It occurs throughout the metropolitan district and other places, also in the vicinity of Edinburgh. The pupa is rich reddish brown, glossy, and measures 3 lines in length. The larva feeds on the Willow. When full grown it spins a close white silken cocoon, covered with gnawings of the bark, oval in shape, and attached to the twigs. 6. Servillana, Diip. Ahs anticis stramineis palhdis ; basi macula rhombea, ad angulum analem striga nebulosa apiccque brunneis ; macula ocellari lineis caeruleis punctis atris; posticis maris basi margaritaceis, apice brunneo ; f<x,m. brunneo-fuliginosis. c? Exp. al. 6-6i lin. Head umbreous brown. Pace iimbreous brown, whitish beneath. Eyes black. Palpi as long as the head, griseous. Antennae fuscous. Thorax smoky brown. Patagia paler. Anterior wings dull, yellow- ish white, with umbreous markings : at the base is a streaky irregular rhomboid patch. In the middle of the costa is a small pale oblique quadrate mark, which is sometimes produced into an interrupted streak to the dorsal margin ; on the latter, within the anal angle, is a clouded streak, proceeding midway towards the costa, parallel with the apical margin ; between this mark and the apical margin the wing is clouded with umbreous. At the anal angle is an ocelloid patch, bordered with lustrous blue streaks enclosing some suifused jet-black markings. The costa and the dorsal margin spotted with umbreous. Apical scales umbreous. CiHa paler. Posterior wings : at the base pearly white, at the apex clouded with umbreous, most intense on the margin. Marginal scales fuscous, with pale bases. Cilia whitish. Legs whitish, the tarsi spotted with fuscous. Ab- domen umbreous black, the apex whitish. $ Exp. al. 6-6^ lin. Anterior wings marked like the <S , but mostly darker. Posterior wings wholly umbreous or fuscous. A rare species, and tolerably constant in size, but somewhat variable in the intensity of its markings. The imago appears in May and June, and occurs at Darenth Wood and Epping Forest, and also in the fens in Cambridge- shire, frequenting Sallows. TORTRICINA. 123 7. Aceriana, Dup. Alls anticis albidis, aut pallide ochraceis ; fascia basi brunnea atroque strigata, media cinerea nebulosa ; margine dorsali ante angiilum analem macula trigona brunnea ; apice puncto nigro, macula oceUari sub-plumbea atomis atris notata; posticis fuscis. $ Exp. al. 7-7^ lin. Head fuscous, paler behind. Face fuscous, paler below. Eyes black, Avith a velvety appearance. Palpi above and at the apex drab, slightly fuscous at the sides and beneath. Antennae fuscous, basal joint clothed above and beneath with drab -coloured scales. Thorax variable, sometimes fuscous, alternated by transverse bands of drab, at others dark brown, alternated in the same way and very fre- quently with rose pink. Patagia coloured like the thorax. Anterior ■svings dull, cream-colour with intense brown, fuscous and greyish markings ; at the base is an umber- coloured streaky patch, darkest outwardly towards the dorsal margin, its posterior edge slightly oblique and variable, but always convex ; sometimes the convexity assumes the form of a very obtuse angle, at others slightly convex with undulations, and at others again, considerably rounded and un- dulate. Extending obliquely two -thirds towards the anal angle, and proceeding from the middle of the costa is a pale biiif cloud, much spotted with umber or iron-grey. Within the anal angle, on the dorsal margin, is a triangular patch of umber. Towards the middle of the apical margin is another deep umber-coloured mark, of very variable size and shape; below this is the ocelloid patch, consisting of a roundish cream-coloured space, enclosing two very pale, sHghtly lustrous leaden-coloured clouds, with a row of black spots between. There are one or two small umber streaks at the middle of the dorsal margin, and the costa is distinctly streaked with broad and narrow pale umber marks, mixed with lustrous leaden colour ; the apical ones produced; a distinct eye-like spot at the apex: this spot is sometimes produced downwards to a i)ouit. Apical scales black, with cream-coloured tips from the apex to the middle of the margin, then cream-colour, clouded with pale grey, to the anal angle ; the bases cream-colour. Cilia at the apex smoky black, then iron- grey, with the tips broadly dull cream-colour, both becoming paler at the anal angle. Posterior wings clothed with coarse fuscous scales, darkest at the apex, on a pearly lustred ground. Marguial scales pale fuscous, with cream-coloured bases. Cilia long, pale grey. Abdomen pale grey, with a fuscous tinge, the caudal tuft darker. 2 Exp. al. 7-7 J lin. The umber- coloured mark towards the middle of the apical margin frequently dilute, the pale portions- of the wing more suffused with iron-grey. A very common species ; allied to H. dealbana, but larger, and having the basal patch less angulated and the ground-colour of a warmer tint. It does not vary. The imago appears abundantly among Poplars in July through- out England. 124 TORTRICINA. The larva feeds in the main bark and in the young shoots of Poplars. In the bark, its presence is detected by a conical lump of rust-coloared "frass'^ projecting. In the young shoots they take up their position at the tips, which are swollen into a gall- like process with a hollow mass of frass outside, somewhat resembling the case of a Coleophora (an extensive genus in the family Tineina). The larva itself is sluggish, of a dirty-brown colour, paler at the anal extremity; attenuated at both ends; about five lines in length when full grown. The head shining, pale-chestnut colour. The shield large, black, shining, and deeply foveated at the sides. 8. pauperana, Parreys. Alls anticis angustis, albis, cinereo varie- gatis ; basi macula lata angulata fusca ; fascia medio dilution ; ante apicem atomis atris irregulariter dispositis ; posticis fusco- griseis. S Exp. al. 7|-8 lin. Head pale fuscous. Pace pale fuscous, darker than the head. Eyes black. Palpi above and between griseous ; at the sides and beneath dark fuscous, inclining to dusky ferniginous. Antennae pale fuscous. Thorax pale fuscous, streaked transversely with griseous. Patagia pale fuscous at the base ; drab at the apex. An- terior wings gi'eyish white, mth a fuscous patch at the base, streaked with darker markings, particularly at its posterior margin, which is very imdulated and oblique, extending nearly twice as far upon the dorsal as upon the costal margin ; in the centre of the costa is an oblique, somewhat quadrate, grey streaked mark, with another un- defined one near the anal angle, maculated with bro-^m on the dorsal margin : in some specimens these two marldngs are produced so as nearly to unite, thus, considered together, forming an interrupted central fascia. There is a row of small intense brown spots towards the apical angle ; a pale grej^ cloud occupies the place of the ocelloid patch, and the pale portions of the wing are more or less streaked and tinged with grey, and a few small similar coloured spots are on the costal and dorsal margins ; no apical spot. Apical scales browm, interrupted by a streak of white in the middle, with pale bases. Cnia paler. Posterior wings very pale grey, with the extreme margin fuscous. Marginal scales pale fuscous, with paler bases. Cilia pale grej', with white bases, becoming wholly white at the anal angle. Abdomen and caudal tuft pale fuscous. $ Exp. al. 8-8|- lin. This is a 'rare species, varying somewhat in size and in the in- tensity of its markings; distinguished from its congeners by the attenuated form of its ivings, and by the basal patch dilating broadly along the dorsal margin. The imago appears at the end of March and beginning of April, in hedges near Darenth Wood, among wild Rose-bushes. TORTRICINA. 125 We are not aware of any other locality. It has been bred by Mr. Bouchard. 9. trimaculaiia, Don. Alls anticis pallide ochraceis ; macula basi fasciaque media ochraceis, brunneo strigatis ; postica lineolis ob- liquis fuscis costahbus ; apice puncto rotundo ferrugineo ; ad an- gulum analem macula ocellari subplumbea, lineolis atris longitu- dinalibus ; posticis fuscis. c? Exp. al. 6-i— 7 lin. Head fuscous, sub-ochreous behind. Face drab. Eyes black. Palpi above and at the sides, drab at the base, grey at the apex; paler beneath. Antennae pale brown ; the basal joint clothed with drab- coloured scales. Thorax fuscous in front, and streaked transversely with drab. Patagia fuscous at the base ; the apex dull ochreous or drab. Anterior wings pale drab, with a tawny tinge ; the base is occupied by a large rhomboid ochreous patch, thickly streaked trans- versely with dark brown markings, most intense towards its outer edge and the dorsal margin ; this is followed by a rich brown central fascia, commencing narrowly at the costa, and proceeds obliquely across the wing, dilating widely at the dorsal margin, which it occu- pies from about the middle to the anal angle ; it is rounded on its outer, and concave on its inner edges ; both angulated. Between this fascia and the basal patch are one or two maculations on the costal and dorsal margins. The apical portion of the costa is very obliquely streaked with brown ; the second streak from the central fascia being continued to the middle of the apical margin, which has an eye-like spot at the apex. The ocelloid patch is marked with several, more or less distinct, dusky-brown longitudinal lines, and above them is a dark dusky-brown cloud. Apical scales black, with drab bases, interrupted below the apical spot by a drab line running through them and the cilia. Cilia shining grey, becoming iron-grey within the anal angle. Posterior wings clothed with dark, coarse, fuscous scales, on a grey ground, slightly darker at the apex. Mar- ginal scales dark fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia grey. Abdomen fuscous ; the caudal tuft dull drab. 2 Exp. al. 7-7-g- lin. A very abundant species, and equally variable ; every possible variety occurring between pale or ochreous drab, with slightly darker markings, to obscure red. Another range of variety oc- curs where the ground-colour is pale drab, with the markings running through all the shades of brown. The late Mr. J. F. Stephens, in the Museum Catalogue, has attempted to raise a very dark suffused red variety, " excruciana/' to the rank of a species, but asks, " An pr. var. V It certainly is nothing more. See also the Appendix to said Catalogue, p. 98. The imago appears in June, July, and August, among Elms, throughout the country, in Scotland and in Ireland. 126 TORTRICINA. The pupa is chestnut-brown and shining, about three lines long, and enclosed in a dull white silken web, in consistence and appearance resembling the webs spun by spiders under and among leaves, as a nidus for their eggs. The larva, when full-grown, measures from 5 to 6 lines in length, and is of a pale olive-green colour ; the head shining, black, and hairy ; the shield black, shining, divided by a dorsal line ; the second and third segments each with a row of four oval, greyish spots placed in a transverse line, with two smaller ones on each side. The anal segment has two transverse rows of spots, followed by an oval patch of minute greenish dots, slightly darker than the ground-colour. It feeds on Ulmus campestris, spinning the terminal leaves together. It does not touch the broad-leaved Elm (Ulmus montana) : vide Edwin Lankester, in the " Entomologist,^^ p. 143. These larvse assume a yellow ap- pearance before going into pupa. 10. minutana, Hub. Alis anticis maris pallide ochraceo-roseis, nigro-fusco strigatis ; macula basi rhombea, in medio fascia ob- liqua nigro-fusca; ad angulum analem macula ocellari lineis atris longitudinalibus ; posticis fuscis ; foem. alis omnibus dilu- tioribus. S Exp. al. Q-Q^ lin. Head ochreous behind, dusky in front. Face ochreous. Eyes black. Palpi shorter than the head, grey at the sides, the tips and beneath drab. Antennae iron-grey, alternated with drab. Thorax dark fuscous, streaked transversely with dusky ochreous. Patagia dusky at the base, the apex ochreous. Anterior wings pinkish ochre, with intense brown and ferruginous streaked markings ; the base is occupied by a streaked rhomboid patch, darkest at its posterior edge, followed by one (sometimes two) interrupted angulated streak, ex- tending from the costal to the dorsal margin ; in the middle of the costa commences a broad undulating fascia, terminating near the anal angle, suffused on its inner, but sharply defined on its outer edge ; the colouring of this fascia is of a rich brown, inclining at places to dark violet. The costa beyond this fascia to the apex, is closely and very obliquely streaked with rich brown markings, the second of which, counting from the central fascia, is continued to the middle of the apical margin, where it is further produced, along the margin itself, to near the anal angle : an eye -like mark at the apex. The oceUoid patch at the anal angle is very distinct, and in the middle are from five to seven well-defined longitudinal black streaks, with iron-grey irrorations between them. Apical scales black, with very naiTOW ochreous tips and bases. Cdia black at the apex, then brown, merging into pinkish-drab at the anal angle and iron- grey beyond it ; bases pale. Posterior wings duU, dark fuscous, deepest towards the apex. Marginal scales dark fuscous with straw- TORTRICINA. 137 coloured bases. Cilia long, shining, dark grey. Abdomen dark fiiscous. 2 E^P- ^1- 6-6^ lin., and frequently with the ground colour and markings paler than in the c? • Not a common insect, variable in the intensity of the colours of the anterior wings ; in character the markings resemble those in L. cineraria, but they are always of a richer tint of brown. It is also allied to H. trimaculana, but distinguished by the pale space beyond the basal patch, which is streaked, and not plain as in the latter species. The imago appears in July among black Poplars. It has been taken at Camberwell, Blackheath, Dartford Heath, and at other places near and around London. The larva feeds on the Black Poplar, eating the young leaves. Genus 11. STEGANOPTYCHA, Steph. Palpi longer than the head, densely clothed with scales at the sides, at the apex and beneath ; the scales long towards the apex, and partly concealing the apical joint. The basal joint elongate, ascend- ing, truncate ; apical slender, club-shaped, as long as the basal, clothed mth short, appressed scales; middle moderately stout, ascending, curved, thickened beyond the middle, three times the length of the apical. MaxiUae longer than. the palpi. Maxillary palpi minute, two-jointed; the joints globose. Thorax slender, obovate. Anterior wings : in length more than twice the width. The costa regularly arcuated ; the apex slightly produced ; the apical margin concave : dorsal margin nearly straight. The costal vein reaches the margin beyond the middle. The subcostal nervures scarcely equidistant. The discoidal cell elongate, lies in the middle of the wing, and extends about two-thirds its length. The sixth apical nervure hends wpwards towards the margin. Posterior wings ample ; the apex obtuse, somewhat produced ; apical margin con- cave ; anal angle slightly 'produced ; dorsal margin straight. The median vein furcates towards its apex midway between the super- median nervure and the margin. Abdomen slender, and tufted in the S , stouter in the $ . The insects in this genus make a still nearer approach to the Anchyloperce, and, like the preceding, the ground-colour of the anterior wings is white, or whitish, but the markings much more diffused over the surface. Except the last species, they are included in the genus Lithographia in the Museum Cata- logue; but as that name is now retained to designate those species which have the costa folded, it has been necessary to 128 TORTRICINA. assign to the present group the older Stephensian generic name Steganojjtycha. The larvae feed on shrubs and trees. The three British species are thus arranged : — A. Anterior wings with a pale fascia much dilated on the dorsal margin Species 1, 2 B. Anterior wings with a pale dorsal blotch produced to the base along the dorsal margin Species 3 1. naevana, Hub. Alls anticis griseis aut cinereis; basi macula, fascia media irregulari obliqua cinereo-brunneis ; ad angulum analem macula plumbea ; pimcto nigro postico costam versus ; posticis fiiscis. c? Exp. al. 6|— 7 lin. Head fuscous. Face drab. Eyes intense brown, with a velvety appearance. Palpi long as the head, dull brown at the sides and beneath. Antennae dull brown. Thorax and patagia dull brown, the latter paler at the apex. Anterior wings glossy, pale drab, sometimes whitish. The base is occupied by an umber patch, darkest at its outer edge, streaked at the base and on the dorsal margin with dark grey or leaden coloui*, sometimes drab ; this patch extends one- fourth the length of the costa, then takes an obHque direction to the fold, where it makes an angle, and proceeds to the dorsal margin, sometimes in a straight line, at others it is convex. At the centre of the costa commences an irregularly-bordered dark brown or umber fascia, broad at its origin, narrowing at the middle (where there is a conspicuous dark brown spot) and terminating within the anal angle ; between this fascia and the apex the costa is dark brown, streaked with drab -coloured, geminated markings. The ocelloid patch is large, bordered with rich brown towards the apex of the wing, and consists of two slightly lustrous, light-coloured clouds, divided trans- versely by a dusky streak, bearing the longitudinal hnes, which are but faintly indicated, frequently almost obsolete. There is a distinct eye-like spot at the apex. Apical scales drab, speckled with brown. Cilia shining, iron-grey at the apex, becoming pale grey or drab at the anal angle, the bases pale, and interrupted by a di'ab streak running through them below the apical spot. Posterior wings glossy, fuscous. Marginal scales fuscous, with dusky bases, but paler. Cilia grey, with a fuscous tinge. Abdomen shiiiuig, fuscous grey, the caudal tuft paler. $ Exp. al. 6-i— 7 lin. A common species, and very variable^ both in the ground- colour of the anterior wings, and of the markings ; the former ranges from silvery white to a dark smoky grey, sometimes bordering on dull brown, the latter from rich golden brown to dark umber. It is very like S. geminana, and some instances of Phloeodes tetraquetrana. It is rather larger than the former and has its wings somewhat broader, and may be distinguished from TORTRICINA. 129 the latter by the dark spot beyond the middle being nearei" to the costa than to the dorsal margin. The imago appears from June to August among Holly : it is generally distributed over the country ; it occurs also in the vi- cinity of Edinburgh, and at Belfast in Ireland. The pupa is 4 lines long, of a rich brown colour and slightly shining. The larva feeds in the young shoots of the Holly, and may be collected in abundance in INIay and June. It is of a dirty green colour, with a black head and black shield. Before as- suming the pupa state it spins a dull white silken web, either turning down one leaf, or fastening two or more together. 2. geminana, Steph., MSS. Alis anticis nitidis, griseis nebulosis ; fascia basi, media, puncto apice brunneis ; costa strigis geminatis albidis ; macula ocellari ad angulum analem distincte notata, griseo brunneoque strigato ; posticis fuscis. S Exp. al. 6 lin. Head dull fuscous. Face dull fuscous, slightly paler below. Eyes black. Palpi above and between greyish drab, at the sides fuscous grey, beneath dark brown. Antennae fuscous. Thorax and patagia fuscous, the latter with the tips paler. Anterior wings silvery white, with a greyish tinge marked and fasciated with umber and rich fer- ruginous brown ; the base is occupied by a rich umber patch, ex- tending one-fourth along the costa and one-third along the dorsal margin, its posterior edge very roimded and oblique to the middle, and then becomes nearly straight ; is streaked transversely and paler within. Erom the middle of the costa to the anal angle is an umber fascia, mixed with ferruginous brown, broad and undefined at its origin, especially on its anterior edge, narrowing and sharply ex- pressed towards its termination, particularly at that portion which impinges on the ocelloid patch. The costa is streaked throughout, and its apical portion is marked with five distinct geminations with mnber interspaces, which are produced on a dark ferruginous cloud towards a point below the apical spot ; this latter is umber- coloured, and produced into a streak along the apical margin. Between this and the central fascia hes the ocelloid patch, which is well de- fined, roundish, and consists of a slightly lustrous, silvery-grey cloud, with an indistinct, transverse bix)wn streak nmning through it. The pale portions of the wing, especially on the dorsal margin, streaked with umber. Apical scales (as well as the cilia, interrupted by a white streak below the apical spot) smoky brown, with whitish bases towards the anal angle. Cilia smoky brown at the apex, be- coming p^ler towards the anal angle, and iron-grey beyond it. Poste- rior wings clothed with coarse fuscous scales on a grey ground, darkest towards the apex. Marginal scales pale fuscous, with drab bases. Cilia long, slightly shining, paler fuscous; grey at the anal K 130 TORTRICINA. angle. Abdomen fuscous, the apex chocolate colour. $ Exp. al. 6i-lin. Markings somewhat more suffused than in the cS • This species does not vary. In general appearance it is very much like S. ncBvana, but the anterior wings are rather narrower. The imago appears commonly in the north of England, espe- cially on the Moors round Sheffield. Stephens gives Yorkshire and Whittlesea Mere as its localities. The larva feeds on Vaccinium Myrtillus. 3. ustomaculana, Curt. Alis anticis cinereis, nitidis ; basi macula rhombea, medio fascia obliqua nebulisque ad apicem brunneis ; macula margine dorsali caudata, grisea, fusco strigata ; costa strigis griseis, geminatis ; posticis fuscis. S Exp. al. 5^-6 lin. Head dusky drab, paler on the vertex. Face pale drab. Eyes black. Palpi as long as the head, dark fuscous, with the apices whitish. Antennae dull, deep fuscous. Thorax and patagia umber, the latter slightly paler. Anterior wings dull ; umber, with a large white or grey blotch on the dorsal margin, and delicate violet mark- ings towards the apex. At the base is a rhomboid, pale umber patch, extending one-fourth along the costa, then proceeding with an in- dented edge to the middle of the wing, and afterwards retiu-ning to the base with a rounded outline, without touching the dorsal margin, towards which its colour is darkest. At the middle of the costa commences an umber fascia, which attains the anal angle ; it is narrow at its origin and termination, and dilates in the middle. Before the middle of the costa are two faint geminated streaks, and five others more defined beyond, with umber interspaces. The apical spot distinct, with a white streak below : a pale umber cloud below the apex, more or less produced to the anal angle, and encloses a pale oval spot. The dorsal blotch is obtusely triangular, wdth the apex rounded, and its anterior portion continued narrowly to the base ; of silvery- white colom* with dusky freckles, and wedge-shaped, black markings along the margin ; the pale portions of the wing freckled and of a delicate pale violet tinge. Apical scales pale umber, with hghter bases and interrupted below the apex by a white streak. Cilia smoky brown at the apex, becoming paler at the anal angle. Posterior wings and marginal scales fuscous, the latter with the bases paler. Ciha fuscous grey. Abdomen pale fuscous, the caudal tuft drab. 5 Exp. al. 6^ Hn. The basal patch of the anterior mngs less distinct than in the ^ . A rather common insect in the North of England and in Scot- land. The imago appears in June, and was first captured by Mr. John Curtis at the Black Forest, Loch Rannock . it has since turned up wherever the food-plant of the larva abounds. TORTRICINA. 131 The larva feeds on the red Whortleberry {Vaccinium Vitis- idcea). It is whitish, with a very pale brown or luteous-coloured head; shield of same colour, but darker behind. The spots brown, and the anal segment margined laterally and transversely with grey. Genus III. ANCHYLOPERA, Stephens. Palpi short, slender, remote, porreeted horizontally ; clothed with scales, chiefly towards the apex ; basal joint oblong, ciu?ved, droop- ing, pyriform ; apical slender, obovate, not so long as the basal ; middle ascending, curved, slightly stouter than the basal beyond, the centre, three times the length of the apical. Maxillae as long as the palpi. Thorax slender, ovate. Anterior wings, length greater than twice the width. Costa mostly regularly arcuated, sometimes obtusely so towards the base. Apex considerably produced, forming a prominent hook. Apical margin entire, dorsal margin rounded. The discoidal cell extends two-thirds along the wing and receives a nervure inserted in the subcostal vein, midway between the first and second subcostal nervures, which passes to the apical vein at the insertion of the first apical nervure. Posterior wings ample ; apex obtuse ; apical margin concave. The median vein sometimes simple, at others furcate. Abdomen long, slender and tufted at the apex in the S ; stout and obtuse in the $ . A very natural genus, of considerable extent, and distinguished from the rest of the group by the falcated or produced apex of the anterior wings, and the longitudinal character of the mark- ings (except the last species, A. unguicella, where they are more transverse), which are also very varied. With few exceptions, the species are tolerably common, and the larvae are of various habits ; some feeding on herbaceous plants [A. Lundand), and others on shrubs and forest trees (^. Upupana). The imago of many of them have been successfully bred by several collectors, but the larvae themselves have not yet been the subject of critical obser- vation. The known British species attain to the number of fourteen, and are arranged as in the following table. On the Continent are several others. A. Anterior wings not marked longitudinally by an undulating or flexuous striga, and without fasciae . Species 1-3 B, Anterior wings marked longitudinally. a. By an imdulatiag line obliquely from the base to the apex Species 4-7 K 2 132 TORTRICINA. h. Having a dark coloured rounded patch at the base, on the dorsal margin Species 8-12 c. By an oblique straightish striga Species 13 C. AntenoT wings with fasciw Species 14 1. ramella, Linn. Alis anticis niveis ; margine dorsali subnebnlosis, cinereo nigroque strigatis, apice ferrugineo. Macula ocellari ad angultim analem plumbea aut caernlea, punctis nigris; posticis albidis, margine apiceqne fiiscis. c^* Exp. al. 6^7 lin. Head snow-white, slightly black in front between and below the antennae. Face white. Eyes black. Palpi snow-white. Antennae pale grey, darkest at the apex, the basal joint clothed with black scales. Thorax snow-white, speckled with black in front and behind ; patagia snow-white. Anterior wings snow-white, with black ferruginous and lustrous blue markings. The costa is maculated from the base to the middle with black, and from the middle to the apex are six oblique streaks of brown colour, most intense on the costa and becoming broader and darker as they approach the apical spot, which is ferruginous; these streaks converge to a point just within the apical margin. The dorsal half of the wing is clouded and streaked with black mixed with white, there being a roundish patch of the latter colour towards the base. The ocelloid patch at the anal angle is obscure and marked with lus- trous blue streaks, and bordered within with ferruginous ; between this patch and the costa is a black cloud streaked with lustrous blue. A few black dots near the base, towards the costa. Apical scales black below the apex, then snow-white. Cilia smoky black, inter- rupted by two white streaks below the apex, merging gi^adually into very pale grey at the anal angle and iron-grey beyond. Posterior wings white at the base, gradually merging into fuscous at the mar- gins. Marginal scales fuscous, with straw-coloured bases. Cilia white at the anal angle, very pale grey towards the apex. Abdomen very pale fuscous grey, the caudal tuft pale drab. $ Exp. al. 8-8^ lin. In colour darker than in the S . This beautiful distinct species is not variable, save as to size, and is at once distinguished from the rest of its congeners by the pure white ground colour of its anterior wings. It is rather uncommon. The imago appears in June at Darenth, Plumstead and West Wickham Woods, Sydenham, also at Dartford Heath Fence. It seems to be attached to the White Poplar. 2. Mitterbacheriana, Schiif. Alis anticis rufis, semifascia recta basi saturatiore margine dorsali, albo postice marginata ; posticis brun- neis. c? Exp. al. 6^-7 lin. Head dull ferruginous, paler close to the eyes. Face pale ferru- TORTRICINA. 133 ginoiis above, drab below. Eyes black. Palpi drab. Antennae grey. Thorax and patagia ferruginous, the latter paler. Anterior wings ferruginous, with brown markings and leaden-coloured clouds ; at the base, and extending nearly to the middle of the dorsal margin, is a chocolate -brown patch, with an oblique, straight edge, bordered with whitish, and proceeding rather more than midway towards the costa, where it suddenly softens into the slightly leaden lustrous cloud above and beyond it. The apical portion of the wing is bright fer- ruginous, inclining to red. The costa is marked with geminated streaks throughout ; those before the middle close and less defined, those beyond, four pairs in number, are of a shining drab-colour somewhat golden, and converge to a point below the apical spot, which is deep ferruginous and distinct. The ocelloid patch is present, but small, undefined, and of a leaden tinge. Apical scales below the apex deep brown with drab bases, then wholly drab to the anal angle. Cilia interrupted by two light drab -coloured streaks below the apex, then very pale brown, at the anal angle grey. Posterior wings reddish brown, slightly darker towards the apex. Marginal scales fiiscous, with tawny bases. Cilia yellowish drab and dull. Abdomen brown, the caudal tuft dusky ochreous. $ Exp. al. Q-6^ lin. Slightly brighter in colour. A rather common species, but does not vary. In size and colour it very much resembles moderately-coloured specimens of Lithographia Penkleriana, but may be always distinguished from them by the more evenly-coloured apical portion of the anterior wings. These two insects are frequently mistaken for each other, and it often requires some discrimination to separate them. The imago appears in May and June in woods in the metro- politan district, among Oaks and Beeches. It occurs also near Dublin, and at Belfast in Ireland. The pupa is pale brown and measures 3|^ lines. The larva feeds on the Oak, and has attained the sobriquet of the " Vaulted Chamber " maker (see Entomologist^s Compa- nion, p. 136), and Mr. T. Wilkinson of Scarborough was the first to rear the imago (see Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer, vol. ii. p. 75), to whose liberality we are indebted for specimens of the larvae. The colour is dull green. Head heart-shaped, diaphanous, yellowish-brown with black wedge-shaped marks at the base, the points of these marks directed towards the mouth ; the shield yellowish, paler in front, with a transverse row of uneven, black spots towards the base ; the segmental spots or warts are oval, transverse, of paler green than the body, shining, and the pos- terior dorsal pairs largest ; a dusky patch on the anal segment. It draws the sides of an oak leaf together with white silk, some- times the whole length, at others only the top or the basal half. 134 TORTRICINA. It feeds within the chamber on the inner portion of the leaf, leaving the venation and outer cuticle untouched ; it goes from one leaf to another performing the same process. When about to assume the pupa state, it spins a kind of covered way from the top of the chamber to the bottom, where it forms a loose cocoon ; it lies dormant during • the winter, and goes into pupa in the spring. When the imago is about to emerge, the pupa wriggles its way to the top of the chamber, and effects its change. 3. Upupana, Treit. Alls anticis nigris fuliginosis; apice costae geminatis strigatis, pone medium ferruginea ; posticis nigris fuli- ginosis dilutioribus. J Exp. al. 7^8 lin. Head ochreous behind and over the eyes ; dull brown in front. Face dull ochreous above, paler below. Eyes black. Palpi above, at the sides, and between ochreous, with the tips dusky, paler beneath. Antennae dark fuscous, at the base ochreous. Thorax dusky ochreous, paler in front. Patagia rich ochreous, shghtly paler at the shoulder. Anterior wings : dull intense smoky brow^n to the apical angle, where it softens into rich ferruginous ; at the base, and especially on the costa, is an obscure leaden gloss. The costa is marked before and beyond the middle with geminated streaks ; those before the middle are of a leaden lustre, those beyond shining, cream-colour, and are directed to a point below the apical spot, which is distinct, and of intense brown. A streak of lustrous blue scales lies within^ and parallel to, the apical margin. In some lights the markings, as in Anch. Lundana and A. derasana, are distiyictly visible. Apical scales : below^ the apex intense brown, with yellow bases, the rest ochreous, mottled with brown. Cilia slightly shining ; at the apex intense brown, followed by two cream-coloured streaks, and then they merge into a pinkish-drab colour, slightly paler at, and iron-grey beyond, the anal angle. Posterior wings deep purplish brown, with a smoky appearance, darkest towards the apex. Marginal scales fulvous, towards the anal angle speckled with dark fuscous. Cilia sHghtly paler. Abdomen deep brown. $ Exp. al. 8-8^ lin. First introduced into the British list by Mr. H.Doubleday, who bred it in 18^18. It does not vary in colouring, but differs slightly in size. The dark broivn colour, both of the anterior and posterior wings, distinguishes it at once from all the other British species of this genus. The imago appears in May and June at Black Park, Darenth, and West Wickham Woods; also at Epping, near Hastings, and near Tunbridge Wells, among Oaks and Birches. The larva feeds on Oak. TORTRICrNA. 135 4. subarcuana, Douglas. Alls anticis cinereis, ad costam fusces- centibiis ; medio longitiidinaliter pallide brimneis ; posticis nitidis griseis. c? Exp. al. 7-7-|- lin. Head grey. Face paler. Eyes black. Palpi above and at the sides grey; paler beneath and between. Antenna) fuscous, some- what grey at the base. Thorax grey. Patagia slightly paler. Anterior wings grey, with fuscous markings, and irrorated with dusky atoms. Near the base, on the dorsal margin, commences a faint undulating white line, forming two arches in its course, ter- minating at the apex, and dividing the surface of the wing into two portions ; that towards the costa is clouded with fuscous, most intense close to the line ; the portion towards the dorsal margin grey, with a dense dusky irroration, the margin regularly maculated with iron- grey. The roundish space at the anal angle represents the ocelloid patch. The costa is streaked throughout its course, the streaks towards the apex being geminated. The apical margin dusky. Apical scales whitish, mottled with drab, cilia grey, with the tips paler ; a dusky streak runs through both, below the apex. Posterior wings pale fuscous, with a pearly lustre. Marginal scales and cilia straw-colour. Abdomen fuscous, the caudal tuft drab. $ Exp. al. 6^ lin. In general colour not so rich as in the c? . This species is noticed in the Museum Catalogue (Stephens), p. 39, as a variety of Anch. biarcuana ; but its smaller size, sombre-coloured, narrower, and sharper-pointed anterior wings, are differences which entitle it to rank as a species. It is allied to A. biarcuana and A. diminutana ; about the size of the latter, and distinguishable from both by the longitudinal wavy line being faintly expressed, and by the colour above and below it being nearly the same, whereas in the two species mentioned the dorsal portion of the wing is always the paler. The imago appears in May and June, and again in September, and occurs at Wimbledon Common, Whittlesea Mere, and other places in Cambridgeshire. 5. diminutana, Hub. Alis anticis ad apicemrufis; vitta lata undata per totam marginem dorsalem cincrea ; posticis fusco griseis. c? Exp. al. 6 lin. Head drab, darkest on the vertex. Face paler. Eyes black. Palpi di'ab, dusky at the apex, paler beneath. Antennas diab, paler beneath. Thorax drab in front, pale brown on the vertex. Patagia drab at the base, with a reddish tinge at the apex. Anterior wings drab, irrorated with dusky atoms, and ferruginous markings. A whitish undulating, longitudinal line divides the surface of the wing into two distinct portions ; it commences very faintly on the dorsal margin, near the base, proceeds and undulates upwards, form- 136 TORTRICINA. ing an arch in the middle, followed by a bend downwards, and then in a straight direction to the apex. The part above this line is drab at the base, near the costa; but at the middle of the base, and at the apex, it is ferruginous brown, with a red tinge, gradually deepening towards the latter and the central streak. The costa marked through- out with fine streaks. The dorsal portion of the wing drab or whitish, irrorated with dusky atoms, as well as near the base, towards the costa ; a row of fuscous scales along the apical margin. Apical scales whitish. Cilia grey. Posterior wings pale grey at the base, slightly fascous at the apex. Marginal scales pale fuscous, with paler bases. Ciha grey. Abdomen and caudal tuft pale fuscous. $ Exp. al. 7 lin. An uncommon species, slightly variable in size, and in the intensity of its colours. Somewhat smaller than Anch. Mitter- hacherianttf and much less than A. biarcuana, which latter insect it much resembles, but may be distinguished from it by the undulating longitudinal line across the wing being only once arched instead of twice, as in this latter species. The imago appears in June and July throughout the south of England, affecting Sallows. 6. "biarcuana, Steph. Alis anticis griseis ; in medio brunneis ; ad marginem dorsalem griseis ; linea longitudinali biarcuata albida ; ' posticis griseisve, albicantibus. (S Exp. al. 7-^8 lin. Head and face varying from dull drab to pale grey. Eyes black. Palpi above and at the sides fuscous or drab, paler beneath. Antennfe : above fuscous, drab beneath. Thorax fuscous, paler in front. Pa- tagia same colour as the thorax. Anterior wings very pale drab, with brown markings, and irrorated with dusky atoms. Near the base, on the dorsal margin, commences a white wavy hne, which arches twice in its course, terminating at the apical margin, and dividing the wing into two portions ; that towards the costa is clouded with brown, softening off into pale drab ; the dorsal portion is irro- rated with dusky atoms, and regularly maculated with dark fuscous on the margin. The roundish space at the anal angle represents the ocelloid patch, in which, on the dorsal margin, is a pale brown elon- gated mark. The costa is streaked throughout, the streaks near the base faintest and smallest ; those towards the apex are geminated and produced to a point in the margin below the apical spot ; one or two sharply- defined deep brown longitudinal short streaks are placed before the apex ; extreme margin edged with brown. Apical scales white. Cilia very pale grey or drab. Posterior wings pale fuscous, with a pearly lustre ; some dusky spots at the apex beneath, visible through the upper surface. Apical scales straw-colour, with whitish bases. Cilia straw-colour. Abdomen fuscous ; the caudal tuft sub- ochreous. An uncommon species; well figured in Wood^s ^ Index Ent.' TORTRICINA. 137 pi. 32, fig. 959 ; variable in size and colour. It is allied to Anch. diminutana and Anch. uncana. From the former it is di- stinguished by its larger size and the double arch in the longi- tudinal undulating line across the wings. It is smaller and paler coloured than A. uncana, dindi farther distinguished from it by the pale, and less distinctly geminated costa. The imago appears in June and July, and is distributed throughout the country; the recorded localities are around London and near Birmingham ; it has also been captured near Ormiston in East Lothian, N. B. 7. uncana, Hub. Ahs anticis brunneis ; arcubus duobus cinereis ni- tidis ad marginem dorsalem ; posticis griseo fuscis. c? Exp. al. 9 lin. Head dull fuscous, or griseous. Face slightly paler. Eyes black. Palpi above and at the sides smoky grey, paler beneath and between. Antennae dark fuscous, paler beneath. Thorax dull fuscous. Pa- tagia at the base dull fuscous, the tips paler and shining. Anterior wings grey, with chocolate-brown markings ; near the base, on the dorsal margin, commences an undulating line which divides the sur- face of the wing into two parts, and forms two arches in its course to the apical margin : that portion towards the costa is chocolate- coloured near the undulating line, becoming paler at the margin ; the dorsal portion is grey, thickly clouded with fuscous. The roundish mark at the anal angle is the ocelloid patch, and at its inner portion is a suffused, pale, curved, chocolate-brown streak ; from the middle of the costa is a very obhque, truncated fascia, of chocolate-brown, extending to the ocelloid patch. The costa is marked throughout with pale geminated streaks, those towards the apex most distinct, lustrous, and produced ; the apical spot distinct, and below it is a whitish patch, with a black streak running through it. The costal portion of the wing, before the tnmcated fascia, with a leaden tinge, beyond it pale chestnut-brown ; extreme apical margin edged with brown. Apical scales fuscous, with drab tips. Cilia fuscous, with paler tips, becoming lighter coloured towards the anal angle. Poste- rior wings pale fuscous, straw-colour at the apex. Marginal scales slightly straw-colour. CHia very pale fuscous. Abdomen fuscous ; the caudal tuft ochreous. c? Exp. al. 9-9^ lin. By no means common. It varies in size and in the intensity of its markings. Most closely allied to Anch. biarcuana, but its dark and regularly geminated costal margin distinguishes it from that species. The imago appears in May and June in heathy places. It occurs at Darenth, Coombe, and West Wickham Woods, and other localities around London ; also in the North of England, and at Belfast in Ireland. 138 TORTRICINA. 8. Myrtillana, Treits. Alls anticis pallide griseis ; basi marginis dorsalis macula magna angulata castanea ; postice fascia obliqua brimnea strigata lineis atris longitudinalibus ; apice brunneo; posticis griseis. (5* Exp. al. 7 lin. Head and face varying from ochreous to chocolate-colour. Eyes black. Palpi dull fuscous. Antennae fuscous, the basal joint clothed beneath with shining drab scales. Thorax ochreous, or chocolate- colour. Patagia ochreous. Anterior wings dirty-white, with cho- colate and ferruginous-coloured markings. At the base, and extend- ing to the middle of the dorsal margin, is a dull chocolate-coloured mark ; its edge facing the costa, usually straight, and towards its termination it becomes suddenly arched, and has its posterior edge rounded. From the middle of the costa proceeds a pale brown angu- lated indistinct fascia, which terminates on the dorsal margin within the anal angle ; it is darkest at its origin, and in the middle are two or more longitudinal marks or lines of chocolate colour, with an- other, somewhat oval, towards its termination. The ocelloid patch is roundish, and without markings. The costal portion of the wing is clouded with pale brown, and a white line nins along and beyond the costal border of the basal mark. Along the apical half of the costa are four pale geminated streaks, with brown spaces between. The apical spot is elongated. The pale portions of the wing, espe- cially towards the apex, irrorated with dusky atoms, and the extreme apical margin white. Apical scales (as well as the cilia) inter- rupted below the apex by a brown streak running through, grey, with the tips whitish. Cilia shining, pale straw-colour, becoming greyish at, and iron-grey beyond, the anal angle. Posterior wings pale fuscous, with a pearly lustre at the base. Marginal scales and cilia shining, straw-colour, slightly grey towards the anal angle. Abdomen fuscous, with a dull ochreous caudal tuft. $ Exp. al. 6-6j lin. An uncommon species, and somewhat variable in size and colour. In appearance comes nearest to Anch. Lundana, but is larger and paler, and has the apex of the inner margin of the basal patch suddenly arched^ whereas in Lundana it is regularly rounded. The imago appears in June, the males flying in the afternoon among Vaccinium Myrtillus^ the females at rest. It is confined to the North of England, where its food-plant grows. It has also been taken in Scotland. 9. Lundana^ Eabr. Alis anticis albidis; basi marginis dorsalis ma- cula magna castanea, postice ful^is vel brunneis, striga angulata caerulea ; posticis griseis. S Exp. al. 7 lin. Head straw-colour, darker on the vertex. Eace straw-colour. Eyes black, with a velvety appearance. Palpi straw-colour, pale grey at the base beneath. Antennae dark grey above, paler beneath. TORTRICINA. 139 Thorax straw-coloiir or di'ab in front, chocolate-colour behind. Pa- tagia straw-colour or drab. Anterior wings glossy straw-colour, with deep chocolate and ferruginous markings ; on the dorsal margin, at the base, is a semi-ovate deep chocolate patch, extending be- yond the middle, with its border sharply defined. From the middle of the costa proceeds a very oblique fascia, truncate at the ocelloid patch ; it is edged posteriorly with an angulated streak of lustrous blue scales, is ferruginous-brown, with a crimson tinge, darkest at its origin, and streaked longitudinally with black at the angle. Beyond this fascia the wing is suffused with ferruginous, and the ocelloid patch is small and but faintly indicated. The costa, at the base, is distinctly streaked with fine lines ; beyond the middle are five golden-lustred geminations, all directed to a point in the margin below the apical spot, which is elongated, and of chocolate-colour. Apical scales shining bright straw-colour, and (as well as the cilia) interrupted below the apex by one black streak running through them. Cilia straw-colour, becoming blacldsh beyond the anal angle. Poste- rior wings dull, clothed with fuscous scales on a pearly ground. Marginal scales fuscous, with straw-coloured bases. CiHa grey. Abdomen dark fuscous, the caudal tuft drab. $ Exp. al. 5-6^ ]m. In colour not so rich as the (^ • A common species, variable in size, and slightly so in colour. Allied to Anch. derasana and A. Myrtillana. It is smaller than the former, and further separable from it by the more acute apex of the anterior wings, as well as by the costal patch towards the apex being paler than the basal one, and less defined on its inner edge. It is also smaller than A. Myrtillana, darker coloured, and has the inner margin of the basal patch rounded, and not suddenly arched. The imago appears in May, and again in August : it must therefore be double-brooded. It flies freely, as Mr. R. Shield informs us, from 5 to 6^ a.m. ; it also flies at midday in the sunshine. It occurs generally throughout the country; also in Scotland, in the vicinity of Edinburgh, and near Dublin. The larva feeds on Vicia sepium and Lathyrus pratensis, and has been bred from both by Herr Schmid of Frankfort, and also by Mr. Stainton. It is active, and greenish grey in colour. The head testaceous, with two longish black marks on the vertex ; the shield is paler than the head; diaphanous, with a large black spot on each side, and two small ones at the centre of the posterior margin; the spots are whitish, shining, and raised; the anal segment pale testaceous, with a dark transverse line ; true legs black; pro-legs same colour as the body. It spins two opposite leaves of the food-plant together, and feeds on their parenchyma. 140 TORTRICINA. 10. derasana, Hub. Alls anticis cinereis ; basi macula magna ustu- lata, alteraque postica ad costam rufa ; posticis griseo-fuscis. cJ Exp. al. 7|-8 lin. Head and face ferruginous brown, the latter darker below. Eyes black. Palpi : above and at the sides dull smoky brown, paler at the bases and beneath, whitish at the base between. Antennge : grey above, iron-grey beneath ; basal joint fulvous above, and brown beneath. Thorax drab in front, and fuscous behind ; in some speci- mens ferruginous. Patagia drab, with an ochreous tinge. Anterior wings dull chocolate-brown at the base, brick-red at the apex, divided by a pale drab undulating band between. At the base, on the dorsal margin, is a conspicuous chocolate-coloured semi-ovate patch ; another brick-red patch occupies the apical half of the wing at the costa. These two patches are bordered with white, and divided by a broad undulating band maculated with iron-grey, commencing at the base of the costa, and extending nearly half its length, then passes obliquely to the dorsal margin. The oceUoid patch is clearly defined, grey, and bordered with white ; on its inner edge is a smaU. round reddish spot. The costa is streaked with black on its basal half, and beyond the middle it is marked with four lustrous yellow geminations, all directed and produced into dusky lines to a point in the margin, below the apex ; the apical spot distinct, and of a deep brick-red colour. Apical scales shining, with two yellow streaks below the apex running through them and the cilia, then dark grey, becoming paler at the anal angle ; all with white tips. Cilia below the interruptions yellowish pink, then grey at the anal angle, and blackish beyond. Posterior wings dull fuscous. Marginal scales shining, fuscous, with luteous bases. Cilia shining, grey, with a fuscous tinge. Abdomen fuscous, the caudal tuft yellow. 5 Exp. al. 6-7 Un. An uncommon species, but not variable. It is larger than Anch. Lundana, though otherwise much like it ; the latter has the patch on the costa beyond the middle much paler, and not sharply defined on its inner edge ; whilst in A. derasana it is of the same colour as the basal patch, and as clearly defined. The imago appears in June and July, in hedges and woods, in the south of England ; it is rare in the north, but has been cap- tured in Scotland. 11. obtusana, Haw. Alis anticis rufis ; fascia irregulari cinerea albida cincta, a basi costae flexuosa ad angulum analem ; posticis cinereo-fuscis. S Exp, al. 5-5^ lin. Head ochreous, approaching ferruginous, palest at the base. Face drab. Eyes black. Palpi grey, di'ab at the base beneath. An- tennae shining, pale brown, palest at the base ; basal joint clothed with shining drab scales. Thorax ochreous or ferruginous. Patagia TORTRICINA. 141 paler than the thorax. Anterior wings glossy, pale drab, with deep red markings. At the base is a large semicircular patch sharply- defined at its outer portion, tawny at the base near the costa, and merging from thence into deep rich brick-red at the dorsal margin. Near this patch, and commencing on the costa, is another, larger and similarly- coloured, its inner edge running parallel with the outer boundary of the basal one to near the dorsal margin ; it then curves with a rounded bend towards the costa near the apical margin, where it again assumes a downward oblique direction, tenninating above the anal angle ; a silvery- lustred streak or stripe speckled with black divides these two patches, and foUows the lower edge of the posterior one to the anal angle, at which there is an obscure red elongated spot, sometimes speckled with cream-colour and black. The costa is spotted with black to near the middle ; beyond, it is marked with four pairs of cream-coloured streaks (in some lights having a silvery appearance) ; the innermost pair unite, and are produced in a metallic lustred line to just below the apical spot, which is very distinct. There are some longitudinal black streaks in the middle of the apical region. Apical scales brick-red at the apex, and iron-grey below the white streak under the apical spot. Cilia : above the interruption white, with ferru- ginous tips ; below iron-grey, merging rapidly into cream- col our, speckled with grey at and beyond the anal angle. Posterior wings deep brown, darkest at the apex. Marginal scales deep brown, with cream-coloured bases. Cilia pale grey in the middle, the apices and bases straw-colour. Abdomen deep brown, the caudal tuft drab. 2 Exp. al. 5-5| lin. Tolerably constant in colour, but rather variable as to size. It is much like A, Mitterbacheriana and A. comptana ; it is smaller and darker than the former ^ and at once distinguished by the curved and hooked band across the wing ; and from the latter by the obtuse apex to the anterior wings, and the darker colour of the posterior ones. The imago appears from June to August, in the south and south-west of England, and in the Midland Counties. 12. comptana, Frol. Alls anticis cinereis ; basi marginis dorsalis macula magna castanea ustulata ; postice lineis brunneis obhquis ; apice strigis geminatis costalibus ; macula brunnea ad angulura analem ; posticis maris griseis ; fcem. saturatioribus. (S Exp. al. 5-5i lin. Head dusky chocolate-brown. Face rather paler. Eyes black. Palpi drab, sHghtly fuscous at the apex, paler beneath. Antennae dark fuscous, shining, paler beneath. Thorax chocolate-brown. Patagia paler. Anterior wings white or drab, vrith dull chocolate and brown markings. At the base is a semi-ovate patch of dull choco- 142 TORTRICINA. late-colour extending to the middle of the dorsal margin ; the apical portion of the wing towards the costa is occupied by a large dusky ferruginous -brown cloud ; this is separated from the basal patch by a broad sHvery-lustred band, which attains the dorsal margin, and then curves upwards, and encloses an elongated bro^Ti spot at the anal angle ; this band is thickly irrorated with dusky atoms through- out its course. The costa is marked with geminated lustrous streaks just before and beyond the middle ; those beyond are four in number, produced, and converge to a jDoint below the apical spot. Apical scales (and the cilia) interrupted below the apical spot by two dusky streaks running through them ; at the interruption they are white, straw-colour below, with the bases dusky. Cilia straw-colour, with fuscous bases. Posterior wings pale fuscous, with a pearly lustre. Marginal scales fuscous, mth straw-coloured bases. Cilia pale grey. Abdomen shining, pale fuscous, the caudal tuft sub-ochreous. 2 Exp. al. 5-5^ lin. In general colour more dusky than the cJ • The smallest British species of this genus ; tolerably constant as to size, but varies in the intensity of its markings. It is a common species, and was first noticed by Mr. Douglas in 1842. Very like A. obtusana; but the grey colour of the underwings is a distinguishing character. The imago appears in April and May, and again in August, there being two broods in the year. It occurs in the Isle of Wight and along the south of England, on the chalk ; at San- derstead, Stoat^s-nest, Riddlesdown, Mickleham, &c. 13. siculana, Hub. AUs anticis nifo-cinereis ; stria longitudinali albida, aliis bmnneis fractis adnatis, macula ocellari ad angTdum analem cinerea ; posticis fiisco-griseis. S Exp. al. 7-8 lin. Head dull chocolate-brown, palest over the eyes. Face slightly paler than the head. Eyes black, with a velvety appearance. Palpi fuscous above, at the sides, and beneath ; between sub-ochreous. Antennae umber, paler beneath. Thorax dull chocolate-brown in front, paler behind. Patagia drab, inclining to ochreous. Anterior wings drab, with an ochreous tinge, marked with longitudinal bands of brown and fuscous. The costa is broadly pale fuscous, and marked throughout with geminated streaks, brown interspaces, the centre one being broad, conspicuous, and very obliquely produced towards the apical margin, as also are the streaks beyond it, these latter being lustrous. Erom the middle of the base to near the apex is a broad straw-coloured band ; below this is an umber streak, forked, and divided beyond the middle, and extending to the apex ; the remainder of the wing is suffused with pale fuscous, with a threadlike streak of brown running along the median fold, the dorsal margin finely macu- lated with dark brown. The ocelloid patch is grey, and has within a TORTRICINA. 143 brown spot, bordered with white ; the apical margin edged with dark brown. Apical scales and cilia straw-colour, the latter slightly dusky, both interrupted by a fine brown streak running through them below the apex. Posterior wings pale grey, with a pearly lustre. Marginal scales and ciha paler grey, the former with the bases pale straw- colour. Abdomen fuscous grey, the caudal tuft drab. § Exp. al. 6^7i lin. A very common species, and tolerably constant, both as to size and colouring ; distinguishable from its congeners by the longitudinal brown streak upon the anterior wings. The imago appears in May and June, flying in the evening over heathy places. It occurs at Birch, Darenth, and Dulwich Woods, Plumstead and Wimbledon Commons, New Forest, and throughout the country, especially in the north of England. In the North the larva feeds on Myrica Gale (the Sweet Gale), but we are not aware on what other plants it feeds in the South, where the Sweet Gale does not grow. 14. unguicella, Linn. Alis anticis nitidis cinereis ; fascia strigata basi, alteraque saepe interrupta pone medium brunneis ; posticis cinereis aut fusco-cinereis. S Exp. al. 6^-7^ lin. Head dark fuscous. Face slightly paler. Eyes black. Palpi: above, at the sides, and beneath, dull fuscous, pale grey at the base between. Antennae umber, paler beneath. Thorax dark fuscous. Patagia slightly paler. Anterior wings drab, streaked and marked with golden brown ; at the base is a streaked brown patch, extend- ing one-fourth along the costa and nearly to the middle of the dorsal margin, its posterior edge rounded (in some specimens it is much angulated). From the middle of the costa to within the anal angle on the dorsal margin proceeds an angulated fascia, edged posteriorly with white. The ocelloid patch is grey, more or less clouded with fuscous and white, and streaked with lustrous scales. The costa is sharply and thickly marked with geminated streaks, those beyond the middle being white, lustrous, and most distinct ; they are more or less produced along the apical portion of the wing. The apical spot is distinct, and below it is a white patch, with two (sometimes only one) black streaks running through it. The pale portions of the wing much clouded with fuscous, and the dorsal margin regu- larly maculated with brown. The apical margin is black, in some specimens brown. Apical scales yellowish. Cilia fuscous, variegated with brown, sometimes ochreous. Posterior wings shining pale fuscous, darkest at the apex. Marginal scales straw-colour. Cilia very pale grey, with a fuscous tinge. Abdomen fuscous, the caudal tuft drab. $ Exp. al. 6 lin. Head, face, and palpi white ; anterior wings white, the basal patch not attaining the costal margin ; other- 144 TORTRICINA. wise marked as in the c? • Apical scales and cilia white. Posterior wings darker than in the (S . Marginal scales and cilia white, or very pale straw- colour. This species varies considerably in size as well as in colour. It is not of very frequent occurrence in the South, but is tolera- bly abundant in some parts of Scotland. It is distinguishable from all the other British Anchyloperce by the oblique fascia across the wings beyond the middle. The imago appears in May and June in heathy places. It occurs at the New Forest, and in the North of England, on the '^ Mosses.^' In Scotland, at Airthry, Ambleside, and on the Pentland Hills ; at the latter locality in abundance. Genus IV. BACTRA, Stephens. Antennae very long and slender, pubescent. Palpi longer than the head, stout, porrected horizontally, remote, clothed with long scales above and beneath towards the apex. Basal joint moderately stout, oblong, drooping, truncate ; apical slender, obovate, longer than the basal; middle very stout, beyond the middle ascending, curved, scarcely three times as long as the apical. Maxillae shorter than the palpi. Thorax slender ovate. Anterior wings : length more than twice the width ; costa regularly arcuated ; apex acute ; apical margin entire, oblique ; dorsal margin rounded. Venation normal. The dis- coidal cell extends two-thirds along the wing. Posterior wings long ; apex acute ; apical margin concave ; dorsal margin entire. Abdomen long and slender, rather stouter in the d* , tufted in both sexes. This genus is associated with the preceding in consequence of the acutely-formed apex to the anterior wings, which, however, is not produced, but, with the entire apical margin forms a very sharp angle, and imparts to the wings a similar appearance to those organs in Anchylopera. The species are of dull co- lours, very simple markings, and subject to considerable varia- tion in both respects. They may be met with throughout the summer months, frequenting damp places. The larvae are but imperfectly known. The three British species are thus tabulated : — A. Anterior wings pale, with (in the $ ) a conspicuous black spot on the disk Species 1 B. Anterior wings darTc, with a blackish spot or mark in the centre Species 2 C. Anterior wings dark, clouded with brown .... Spiecies 3 TORTRICTNA. 145 1. uliginosana, Bentley MSS. Alls anticis maris pallide ochraceis brunneo nebulosis ; atomis nigris sparsis. Foemince medio puncta brunnea oblonga; posticis albicantibus, margine fuscescentibus ; atomis nigris sparsis. J Exp. al. 7-7^ lin. Head grey or pale ochreous. Face pale ochreous. Eyes black. Palpi : above pale ochreous, slightly brown at the apex. Antennae fuscous. Thorax and patagia pale ochreous. Anterior wings slightly glossy, pale ochreous, mixed with pale brown, the venation paler, and distinctly appearing ; the surface sparingly dotted with black, more so at the apex, and in the centre of the disk are one or two dots, scarcely distinguishable from the rest as to size. Apical scales same as the ground-colour of the anterior wings. Cilia paler. Posterior wings very glossy, slightly pearly white, with a fuscous tinge, darkest at the apex, where they incline to ochreous, sparingly dotted with black, especially towards the apex. Marginal scales and cilia paler. Legs straw-colour. Abdomen ochreous grey at the base, merging into fuscous towards the apex ; the caudal tuft ochi'eous. $ Exp. al. 7-7-J lin. Thorax with a transverse fuscous band across the middle. Anterior wings, as in the S , with the addition of a distinct irregularly oval umbreous spot above and beyond the middle of the disk. A very rare species, but apparently not variable. The origi- nal specimens in the Bentleyan Collection (Mr. Edwin Shep- herd's) were taken many years ago near Yaxley. More recent specimens have been taken near Ely in Cambridgeshire, and this year (1858), two specimens are recorded as having been cap- tured at West Wickhani Wood : vide ' Entom. Weekly Intelli- gencer,' vol. V. p. 20. The imago appears in June and July, frequenting boggy places. 2. lanceolana, Hub. Alis anticis cinereo rufescentibus, strigulis nu- merosis obliquis fuscis ; medio punctis duabus vel macuKs fuscis longitudinaliter dispositis ; posticis cinereis. (S Exp. al. d^—7^ lin. Head and face varjdng from ochreous to fuscous. Eyes black. Palpi drab above, at the sides, and beneath ; paler between. An- tennae fuscous. Thorax dusky drab or fuscous. Patagia same colour as the thorax, with the tips paler. Anterior wings drab, more or less dull, finely streaked with fuscous along the costa, and the whole surface more or less freckled with the same colour ; along the apical margin is a row of fuscous dots, most conspicuous towards the anal angle. In some specimens there runs a dusky-brown streak from the middle of the base to the middle of the wing, which is sometimes continued faintly to the apex ; this streak is more or less distinct, sometimes assuming the form of two irregular patches, one situated L 146 TORTRICINA. one-third from the base, the other oiie-third from the apex ; these are sometimes nearly obsolete, and sometimes the posterior mark, which is the largest, is only visible. At the anal angle is a faint indication of the ocelloid patch, which is oval. Apical scales pale drab, with friscous tips. Cilia fuscous at the apex, dusky drab along the margin. Posterior wings pale friscous. Marginal scales and cilia dull straw-colour. Abdomen friscous ; the caudal tuft ochreous drab. $ Exp. al. 6^-7^ lin. A very abundant species, variable in size as well as in the in- tensity of the colours. The ground-colour of the anterior wings ranges from drab to ochreous, more or less mixed with fine fuscous markings. There appear to be two broods in the year, one in the spring, the other in the autumn, the former attain- ing larger dimensions than the latter. There have been several varieties assigned to this species, some of them apparently applied to the 2 } the most remarkable of which is the var. plagana, which has a dark longitudinal uninterrupted, broadish streak from the base to the apex. The insect figured in ' Curtis's B. E.' pi. 599, can only be considered as a pale variety of this species ; it is, how- ever, remarkable that in the North of England and in Scotland, this form assumes a permanence. The imago frequents low swampy places where rushes grow, and the first brood appears in May and June, the second in August and September. It is very generally distributed, occur- ring also in Scotland and Ireland. According to Mr. R. F. Logan, the larvae feed on the Rush [Juncus glomeratus). " It is green, with a black head and black tubercles, and completes its transformations in a white silken folliculus within the stem, near the root, and the pupa is amber- colour, and remarkably straight and cylindrical" : vide ^ Entom. Weekly Intell.^ vol. i. p. 110 ; but it would appear, from further observations by Mr. John Scott, of South Stockton, /. c. p. 28 and p. 164, that the larva is pale, with a pinkish tinge on the back, with the head, a large patch on the corselet, and anal seg- ment shining pitchy black, and that the tubercles are brown. The pupa, he says, is brown, not amber-coloured. Are there, then, two species mixed up under the name of lanceolana ? This we think may be probable, as, surely, two such acute observers as Messrs. Logan and Scott cannot have made such mistakes about the larva ; or do the larvae of B. lanceolana differ in dif- ferent situations ? Obs. — Mr. S. Stevens has captured some specimens of a Bactra in all respects like B. lanceolana, except that the ground-colour of the anterior wings is testaceous brown, and measuring from TORTRICINAr 147 8|-9 lines in expanse in the d , and from 11-12 lines in the $ . They were taken in the month of July in the salt marshes on the banks of the Thames near Southend — a locality where a species is likely, among so much humidity, to attain to extra- ordinary dimensions. 3. furfurana, Haw. Alis anticis griseo-rufescentibus, nebulosis maculisque irregiilaribus brunneis ; posticis cinereis. (^ Exp. al. 6-8 lin. Head ochreous, paler in front. Face ochreous above, paler below. Eyes black ; palpi drab or fuscous above and at the sides, paler be- neath and between. Antennae fuscous. Thorax dull brown. ■ Pa- tagia slightly paler. Anterior wings ochreous brown, clouded with dull brown markings, which are darkest at the base, and from the middle to the apex with a dark elongated mark at the anal angle, impinging on a very indistinct ocelloid patch. Costa and dorsal margins macu- lated with brown, the markings on the former more in the shape of streaks. Apical scales fuscous with drab bases. Cilia straw-colour with a grey tinge. Posterior wings dull fuscous. Marginal scales pale grey with straw-colom^ed bases. Cilia straw-colour. Abdomen and caudal tuft dark fuscous. $ Exp. al. 6|—8 lin. A rare species, and subject to much variation in the intensity of its markings, as well as in size ; readily distinguished from its congeners by the mottled appearance of the anterior wings. The imago appears in May and June, and has been captured in Kent and in Devonshire, Probus in Cornwall, as well as other places in England. Mr. Bentley obtained his specimens from the reeds surrounding the freshwater lake at Napton Lee, in Devonshire, at the end of June (see Westwood and Humphrey's ' Bristol Moths,' ed. 1. p. 139). It occurs also at the Lea Bridge Marshes, near London, and in the vicinity of Edinburgh ; like- wise at Gal way in Ireland. Genus V. ARGYROTOZA, Stephens. Antennae very pubescent beneath. Palpi twice as long as the head, porrected upwards, remote, thickly clothed at the apex of the nnddle joint; basal joint drooping, pyriform, truncate; apical slender, cylindric, much longer than the basal ; middle ascending, moderately stout, thickened beyond the centre, not three times the length of the apical. Maxillae stout, as long as the palpi. Thorax moderately robust, ovate. Anterior wings scarcely twice so long as broad. Costa regularly arcuated. Apex acute ; apical margin truncate, oblique; dorsal margin slightly rounded; venation normal. The l2 148 TORTRICINA. discoidal cell extends two-thirds the length of the wing. Posterior wings; apex acute, apical margin concave, basal angle produced. Abdomen slender and tufted at the apex in the c? , slender and ob- tuse in the $ The only species known in this genus bears some resemblance in shape to the preceding, but is prettily marked with various colours and metallic lustred spots. Structurally it dififers from Bactra in its broader and shorter anterior winffs, and their less acute apex. 1. Conwayana, Fab. Alis anticis flavis, medio nubilis fulvis, ad apicem satm^ate bnmneis, argenteo obsolete punctato-strigatis ; posticis fusco-griseis, apice satiu:atioribus. ^ Exp. al. 5^-6^ lin. Head pale ochreous, sometimes slightly fuscous behind. Face pale ochreous above, paler below. Eyes black. Palpi twice the length of the head, whitish above, between and beneath, dusky at the sides. Antennae above pale ochreous, alternated with brown, except a few joints at the base ; beneath fuscous, the basal joint ochreous or straw- coloured. Thorax ochreous, dusky in front, and with a dusky trans- verse band across the disk. Patagia